Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

speak in some language

Толкование Перевод

1 speak

1. I
abs

1) the baby is learning to speak ребенок учится говорить; he was too ill to speak он так плохо себя чувствовал, что не мог говорить; did you speak, sir? вы что-то сказали, сэр?; Janes speaking Джоунз у телефона; he left without speaking он ушел, не сказав ни слова; their eyes spoke их взгляды были весьма красноречивы; the cannon spoke заговорили пушки; the portrait speaks портрет как живой

2) he left the meeting without speaking он ушел с собрания, не выступив; since I am speaking... поскольку мне предоставлено слово...
2. II
1) speak in some manner speak well (badly, quickly, slowly, loud, low, softly, harshly, sharply, respectfully, etc.) говорить хорошо и т.д.; generally /broadly/ (objectively, practically, etc.) speaking... вообще и т.д. говоря...; properly speaking по сути дела, собственно говоря; strictly speaking he is right строго говоря, он прав; roughly speaking there were perhaps ten thousand participants там было, грубо говоря, около десяти тысяч участников; to speak plainly, he is a thief попросту говоря, он вор; legally speaking he is right с юридической точки зрения он прав; metaphorically /figuratively/ speaking фигурально выражаясь; actions speak louder than words дела говорят сами за себя || speak at random говорить наугад id so to speak так сказать; you are, so to speak, one of the family вы, так сказать /собственно говоря/, член семья

2) speak at some time the president will now speak сейчас выступит президент
3. III
speak smth.

1) speak English (French, etc.) говорить по-английски и т.д.; speak a foreign language говорить на каком-л. иностранном языке; speak several languages говорить на нескольких языках, владеть несколькими языками; speak fluent (excellent) Italian свободно (прекрасно) говорить по-итальянски: he cannot speak German он не знает немецкого языка, он не говорит по-немецки

2) not to speak a word не произнести ни слова; he couldn't speak these words он не мог выговорить эти слова

3) speak the truth говорить правду; speak one's opinion /one's mind/ высказывать свое мнение; speak one's lines произносить свои реплики; speak nonsense говорить глупости; speak words of praise /smb.'s praises/ хвалить кого-л.; his eyes spoke volumes его взгляд был красноречивее всяких слов; her eyes spoke affection ее глаза светились любовью
4. IV
speak smth. in some manner

1) speak English fluently (well, naturally, etc.) бегло /свободно/ и т.д. говорить по-английски

2) speak one's part well (badly, inaudibly, etc.) хорошо и т.д. проговаривать свою роль

3) speak one's mind bluntly прямо /без обиняков/ высказывать свое мнение
5. XI
1) be spoken not a word was spoken никто не вымолвил и слова; не было сказано ни слова; be spoken in some manner words that are seldom spoken слова, которые редко произносят [вслух]; be spoken of he is much spoken of о нем много говорят; deserve to be well /highly/ spoken of заслуживать, чтобы о тебе хорошо говорили /отзывались/

2) be spoken somewhere is English spoken here? здесь говорят /кто-нибудь разговаривает/ по-английски?
6. XVI
1) speak in smth. speak in a whisper (in a low voice, in public, etc.) говорить шепотом и т.д.; are you good at speaking in public вы умеете выступать перед аудиторией?; speak in some language speak in English (in French, etc.) говорить по-английски /на английском языке/ и т.д.; speak with (without) smth. speak with certainty (with spirit, with great composure, with emphasis, with authority, without reserve, etc.) говорить с уверенностью и т.д.; speak to /with/ smb. speak rudely (kindly, amiably, etc.) to /with/ smb. разговаривать с кем-л. грубо и т.д., who was that man you were speaking with? с кем это вы разговаривали?; speak to oneself разговаривать с самим собой; you will have to speak to all participants вам придется поговорить со всеми участниками; speak to /with/ smb. about /of, on/ smth. speak with /to/ smb. about /of/ various matters (about a particular matter, about the plan, about mutual acquaintances, etc.) (подговорить с кем-л. о разных делах и т.д.; you'll have to speak to the clerk about that вам придется поговорить об этом с клерком; I have not spoken with him yet on the subject я еще не говорил с ним по этому вопросу; speak with smb., for some time speak with her for an hour целый час разговаривать с ней; speak with smth. in smth. speak with tears in one's eyes говорить со слезами на глазах; speak to smth. this picture speaks to the heart картина берет за сердце; speak to the point говорить по существу, не отклоняться от вопроса /темы/; speak of /about/ smth., smb. speak of his work (of his writings, of the old days, about the matter, about his travels, etc.) говорить /рассуждать/ о своей работе и т.д.; speak ill (well) of smth., smb. плохо (хорошо) отзываться о чем-л., ком-л.; speak highly of smb.'s talents (of smb.'s skill, of the doctor, etc.) высоко ценить чьи-л. способности и т.д., быть высокого мнения о чьих-л. талантах и т.д.; how do people speak of me? что обо мне говорят /как обо мне отзываются/ [люди]?; nothing to speak of очень мало; have you had much difficulty? speak Nothing to speak of у вас было много затруднений? speak Почти никаких; this picture is nothing to speak of в этой картине нет ничего особенного, эта картина ничего особенного собой не представляет; have no luggage (no resources, по property, etc.) to speak of иметь очень мало /почти не иметь/ багажа и т.д.; his pinched features (everything in the house, etc.) spoke of want его худое лицо и т.д. свидетельствовало о нужде; her eyes spoke of suffering ее глаза говорили о страданиях; speak for smb., smth. speak for my friend (for myself, for others, etc.) говорить от имени друга и т.д.; speak for yourself! [не говорите за других,] говорите только за себя!; 1 will now let MX speak for himself я теперь предоставлю возможность господину X самому высказаться; the facts speak for themselves факты говорят сами за себя; this discovery speaks for itself это открытие говорит само за себя /не требует комментариев/; speak well for her upbringing (for your courage, etc.) свидетельствовать о ее воспитанности и т.д.; it speaks well for him that he did not accept его отказ говорит в его пользу; speak from smth. speak from experience (from memory, from hearsay, from actual observation, etc.) говорить по опыту /основываясь на опыте/ и т.д.; speak over (through, by, etc.) smth. speak over /by/ the telephone говорить по телефону; speak into the telephone говорить в [телефонную] трубку; speak through the nose говорить в нос, гнусавить; speak through an interpreter разговаривать через переводчика; speak by signs разговаривать жестами /знаками/ || speak under one's breath говорить шепотом

2) speak for (against) smb. speak for the children (for the poor girl, for her neighbours, etc.) заступаться за детей и т.д.; please speak for me to the director пожалуйста, поговорите обо мне с директором; he spoke against me он плохо обо мне отзывался || speak behind smb.'s back говорить за чьей-л. спиной

3) speak for smth. speak for seats beforehand заранее договориться о местах

4) speak (up)on /about/ smth. speak on a matter (on a topic, on this point, upon a subject, etc.) выступать по какому-л. вопросу /на какую-л. тему/ и т.д.; I have heard him speak on drama (about modern art, etc.) я слышал его выступление о драме и т.д.; speak at smth. speak at a meeting (at a large gathering, at a forum, at a conference, etc.) выступать на собрании и т.д.; speak to /before/ smb. speak to a large audience (to students, to recruits, before a company, etc.) выступать перед большой аудиторией и т.д.; speak for some time speak for forty minutes говорить /выступать/ сорок минут; she spoke for only ten minutes ее выступление длилось всего десять минут; speak for (against) smb., smth. he spoke for me он вступился за меня; you mustn't speak against his plan (his nomination, her brother, etc.) вы не должны возражать /выступать/ против его плана и т.д.; speak in smth. speak in smb.'s defence (in smb.'s support, in confirmation of smth., etc.) выступать в чью-л. защиту и т.д. || speak on smb.'s behalf выступать в чью-л. защиту; speak on /in/ smb.'s behalf говорить от чьего-л. имени /от имени кого-л./
7. XIX1
speak like smth. speak like a book говорить как по писаному; the artist made his violin speak like the voice of a man музыкант заставил свою скрипку звучать подобно человеческому голосу
8. XX1
speak as smb. speak as a friend (as a member of the Committee, etc.) говорить как друг и т.д.
9. XXI1
speak some language with smb. speak English with these people говорить с этими людьми по-английски; speak some language for some time I haven't spoken Spanish for years я уже много лет не говорю по-испански
10. XXV
speak when... (speak as if...) they speak when they meet они беседуют, когда встречаются; he spoke as if he were angry он говорил как-то зло

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > speak
2 some

1. adjective
1) (one or other) [irgend]ein

some fool — irgendein Dummkopf (ugs.)

some day — eines Tages

some shop/book or other — irgendein Laden/Buch

some person or other — irgendjemand; irgendwer

2) (a considerable quantity of) einig...; etlich... (ugs. verstärkend)

speak at some length/wait for some time — ziemlich lang[e] sprechen/warten

some time/weeks/days/years ago — vor einiger Zeit/vor einigen Wochen/Tagen/Jahren

some time soon — bald [einmal]

3) (a small quantity of) ein bisschen

would you like some wine? — möchten Sie [etwas] Wein?

do some shopping/reading — einkaufen/lesen

4) (to a certain extent)

some guide — eine gewisse Orientierungshilfe

that is some proof — das ist [doch] gewissermaßen ein Beweis

5)

this is some war/poem/car! — (coll.) das ist vielleicht ein Krieg/Gedicht/Wagen! (ugs.)

6) (approximately) etwa; ungefähr
2. pronoun
einig...

she only ate some of it — sie hat es nur teilweise aufgegessen

some of her ideas are good — sie hat einige gute Ideen

some of the greatest music — einige der größten Werke der Musik

some say... — manche sagen...

some..., others... — manche..., andere...; die einen..., andere...

... and then some — und noch einige/einiges mehr
3. adverb
(coll.): (in some degree) ein bisschen; etwas

some more — noch ein bisschen

* * *
1. pronoun, adjective
1) (an indefinite amount or number (of): I can see some people walking across the field; You'll need some money if you're going shopping; Some of the ink was spilt on the desk.)

2) ((said with emphasis) a certain, or small, amount or number (of): `Has she any experience of the work?' `Yes, she has some.'; Some people like the idea and some don't.) einige

3) ((said with emphasis) at least one / a few / a bit (of): Surely there are some people who agree with me?; I don't need much rest from work, but I must have some.) einige

4) (certain: He's quite kind in some ways.) gewisse
2. adjective
1) (a large, considerable or impressive (amount or number of): I spent some time trying to convince her; I'll have some problem sorting out these papers!) beachtlich

2) (an unidentified or unnamed (thing, person etc): She was hunting for some book that she's lost.) einige

3) ((used with numbers) about; at a rough estimate: There were some thirty people at the reception.) ungefähr
3. adverb
((American) somewhat; to a certain extent: I think we've progressed some.) etwas

- academic.ru/68805/somebody">somebody
- someday
- somehow
- someone
- something
- sometime
- sometimes
- somewhat
- somewhere
- mean something
- or something
- something like
- something tells me
* * *

some

[sʌm, s^əm]

I. adj inv, attr

1. + pl n (unknown amount) einige, ein paar; + sing n etwas

he played \some records for me er spielte mir ein paar Platten vor

here's \some news you might be interested in ich habe Neuigkeiten, die dich interessieren könnten

there's \some cake in the kitchen es ist noch Kuchen in der Küche

I made \some money running errands ich habe mit Gelegenheitsjobs etwas Geld verdient

I've got to do \some more work ich muss noch etwas arbeiten

2. + pl n (certain) gewisse

\some people actually believed it gewisse Leute haben es tatsächlich geglaubt

there are \some questions you should ask yourself es gibt [da] gewisse Fragen, die du dir stellen solltest

3. (general, unknown) irgendein(e)

clearly the treatment has had \some effect irgendeine Wirkung hat die Behandlung sicher gehabt

there must be \some mistake da muss ein Fehler vorliegen

he's in \some kind of trouble er steckt in irgendwelchen Schwierigkeiten

could you give me \some idea of when you'll finish? können Sie mir ungefähr sagen, wann sie fertig sind?

it must have been \some teacher/pupils das muss irgendein Lehrer/müssen irgendwelche Schüler gewesen sein

\some idiot's locked the door irgend so ein Idiot hat die Tür verschlossen fam

\some day or another irgendwann

4. (noticeable) gewiss

to \some extent bis zu einem gewissen Grad

there's still \some hope es besteht noch eine gewisse Hoffnung

5. (slight, small amount) etwas

there is \some hope that he will get the job es besteht noch etwas Hoffnung, dass er die Stelle bekommt

6. (considerable amount, number) beträchtlich; ( fam: intensifies noun) ziemlich

it was \some years later when they next met sie trafen sich erst viele Jahre später wieder

we discussed the problem at \some length wir diskutierten das Problem ausgiebig

I've known you for \some years now ich kenne dich nun schon seit geraumer Zeit

that took \some courage! das war ziemlich mutig!

he went to \some trouble er gab sich beträchtliche [o ziemliche] Mühe

that was \some argument/meal! das war vielleicht ein Streit/Essen!

7. ( fam: showing annoyance)

\some mother she turned out to be sie ist eine richtige Rabenmutter

\some hotel that turned out to be! das war vielleicht ein Hotel!

\some chance! we have about one chance in a hundred of getting away ( iron) tolle Aussichten! die Chancen stehen eins zu hundert, dass wir davonkommen iron

perhaps there'll be \some left for us — \some hopes! ( iron) vielleicht bleibt was für uns übrig — [das ist] sehr unwahrscheinlich!

II. pron

1. (unspecified number of persons or things) welche

have you got any drawing pins? — if you wait a moment, I'll get you \some haben Sie Reißnägel? — wenn Sie kurz warten, hole ich [Ihnen] welche

do you have children? — if I had \some I wouldn't be here! haben Sie Kinder? — wenn ich welche hätte, wäre ich wohl kaum hier!

2. (unspecified amount of sth) welche(r, s)

if you want whisky I'll give you \some wenn du Whisky möchtest, gebe ich dir welchen

if you need more paper then just take \some wenn du mehr Papier brauchst, nimm es dir einfach [o nimm dir einfach welches]

if you need money, I can lend you \some wenn du Geld brauchst, kann ich dir gerne was [o welches] leihen

3. (at least a small number) einige, manche

surely \some have noticed einige [o manche] haben es aber sicher bemerkt

4. + pl vb (proportionate number) einige, ein paar

no, I don't want all the green beans, \some are enough nein, ich möchte nicht alle grünen Bohnen, ein paar genügen

I've already wrapped \some of the presents ich habe einige [o ein paar] der Geschenke schon eingepackt

\some of you have already met Imran einige von euch kennen Imran bereits

5. (certain people) gewisse Leute

\some just never learn! gewisse Leute lernen es einfach nie!

6. + sing vb (proportionate number) ein bisschen

no, I don't want all the mashed potatoes, \some is enough nein, ich möchte nicht das ganze Püree, ein bisschen genügt

have \some of this champagne, it's very good trink ein wenig Champagner, er ist sehr gut

\some of the prettiest landscape in Germany is found nearby eine der schönsten Landschaften Deutschlands liegt ganz in der Nähe

7.

▶ and then \some ( fam) und [noch] mehr

we got our money's worth and then \some wir bekamen mehr als unser Geld wert war

III. adv inv

1. (roughly) ungefähr, in etwa

\some twenty or thirty metres deep/high ungefähr zwanzig oder dreißig Meter tief/hoch

\some thirty different languages are spoken in this country in diesem Land werden etwa dreißig verschiedene Sprachen gesprochen

2. AM ( fam: a little) etwas, ein bisschen

I'm feeling \some better mir geht es [schon] etwas [o ein bisschen] besser

could you turn the heat down \some? könntest du bitte die Heizung etwas herunterstellen?

3. AM ( fam: a lot) viel

he sure does talk \some, your brother dein Bruder spricht wirklich viel

he needs feeding up \some er muss ganz schön aufgepäppelt werden fam

we were really going \some on the highway wir hatten auf der Autobahn ganz schön was drauf fam

4.

▶ \some few einige, ein paar

▶ \some little ziemlich

we are going to be working together for \some little time yet wir werden noch ziemlich lange zusammenarbeiten müssen

* * *
[sʌm]
1. adj

1) (with plural nouns) einige; (= a few, emph) ein paar; (= any in "if" clauses, questions) meist nicht übersetzt

if you have some questions — wenn Sie Fragen haben

did you bring some records? — hast du Schallplatten mitgebracht?

some records of mine — einige meiner Platten

would you like some more biscuits? — möchten Sie noch (ein paar) Kekse?

take some nuts — nehmen Sie sich (dat)

some few people — einige wenige Leute

some suggestions, please! — Vorschläge bitte!

2) (with singular nouns) etwas, meist nicht übersetzt (= a little, emph) etwas, ein bisschen

there's some ink on your shirt — Sie haben Tinte auf dem Hemd

would you like some cheese? — möchten Sie (etwas) Käse?

some more ( tea)? — noch etwas (Tee)?

leave some cake for me — lass mir ein bisschen or etwas Kuchen übrig

did she give you some money/sugar? — hat sie Ihnen Geld/Zucker gegeben?

have you got some money? — haben Sie Geld?

it was (of) some help —

we played some golf — wir haben ein bisschen Golf gespielt

3) (= certain, in contrast) manche(r, s)

some people say... — manche Leute sagen...

some people just don't care —

there are some things you just don't say some questions were really difficult — es gibt (gewisse or manche) Dinge, die man einfach nicht sagt manche (der) Fragen waren wirklich schwierig

some work is very rewarding — manche Arbeit ist sehr lohnend

some butter is salty — manche Buttersorten sind salzig

in some ways — in gewisser Weise

4) (vague, indeterminate) irgendein

some book/man or other — irgendein Buch/Mann

some woman rang up — da hat eine Frau angerufen

some woman, whose name I forget... — eine Frau, ich habe ihren Namen vergessen,...

some idiot of a driver — irgend so ein Idiot von (einem) Autofahrer

in some way or another —

at some place in Africa — irgendwo in Afrika

or some such — oder so etwas Ähnliches

or some such name — oder so ein ähnlicher Name

(at) some time last week — irgendwann letzte Woche

some time or other — irgendwann einmal

some other time — ein andermal

some day — eines Tages

some day next week — irgendwann nächste Woche

5) (intensifier) ziemlich; (in exclamations) vielleicht ein (inf)

it took some courage — dazu brauchte man schon (einigen) or ziemlichen Mut

(that was) some argument/party! — das war vielleicht ein Streit/eine Party!

that's some whisky — das ist vielleicht ein Whisky! (inf)

it's some size! — das ist vielleicht ein Ding!

this might take some time — das könnte einige Zeit dauern

quite some time — ganz schön lange (inf), ziemlich lange

to speak at some length — ziemlich lange sprechen

it's some distance from the house — es ist ziemlich weit vom Haus entfernt

6) (iro) vielleicht ein (inf)

some experts! — das sind vielleicht Experten! (inf)

some help you are/this is — du bist/das ist mir vielleicht eine Hilfe (inf)

some people! — Leute gibts!

2. pron

1) (= some people) einige; (= certain people) manche; (in "if" clauses, questions) welche

some..., others... — manche..., andere...

some of my friends — einige or manche meiner Freunde

there are still some who will never understand — es gibt immer noch Leute, die das nicht begreifen werden

some of them were late — einige kamen zu spät

2) (referring to plural nouns = a few) einige; (= certain ones) manche; (in "if" clauses, questions) welche

some of these books — einige dieser Bücher

some of them have been sold — einige sind verkauft worden

I've only seen some of the mountains — ich habe nur ein paar von den Bergen gesehen

they're lovely, try some — die schmecken gut, probieren Sie mal

I've still got some —

he took some — er hat welche genommen

tell me if you see some —

would you like some? — möchten Sie welche?

3) (referring to singular nouns = a little) etwas; (= a certain amount, in contrast) manches; (in "if" clauses, questions) welche(r, s)

here is the milk, if you feel thirsty drink some — hier ist die Milch, wenn du Durst hast, trinke etwas

I drank some of the milk —

I drank some of the milk but not all — ich habe etwas von der Milch getrunken, aber nicht alles

have some! — nehmen Sie sich (dat), bedienen Sie sich

it's lovely cake, would you like some? — das ist ein sehr guter Kuchen, möchten Sie welchen?

try some of this cake — probieren Sie doch mal diesen Kuchen

would you like some money/tea? – no, I've got some — möchten Sie Geld/Tee? – nein, ich habe Geld/ich habe noch

have you got money? – no, but he has some — haben Sie Geld? – nein, aber er hat welches

some of it had been eaten — einiges (davon) war gegessen worden

he only believed/read some of it — er hat es nur teilweise geglaubt/gelesen

some of his speech was excellent — manches or einiges in seiner Rede war ausgezeichnet

some of his work is good — manches, was er macht, ist gut

4)

this is some of the oldest rock in the world — dies gehört zum ältesten Gestein der Welt

some of the finest poetry in the English language — einige der schönsten Gedichte in der englischen Sprache

this is some of the finest scenery in Scotland — dies ist eine der schönsten Landschaften Schottlands

3. adv

1) ungefähr, etwa, circa

some 20 people — ungefähr 20 Leute

some few difficulties — einige Schwierigkeiten

2) (US inf) (= a little) etwas, ein bisschen; (= a lot) viel

it sure bothered us some — das hat uns ziemlich zu schaffen gemacht

he's travelling some — er fährt schnell

I really drank some last night — ich habe gestern Abend ganz schön was getrunken (inf)

that's going some — das ist ganz schön schnell (inf)

* * *

some [sʌm; unbetont səm, sm]

A adj

1. (vor Substantiven) (irgend)ein:

some day eines Tages;

some day (or other) irgendwann (einmal) (in der Zukunft);

some day you’ll pay for this dafür wirst du noch einmal bezahlen;

some other time ein andermal;

some person irgendeiner, (irgend)jemand

2. (vor pl) einige, ein paar: → few A 1

3. manche:

some people are optimistic

4. ziemlich (viel)

5. gewiss(er, e, es):

some extent in gewissem Maße, einigermaßen

6. etwas, ein wenig, ein bisschen:

some bread;

take some more nimm noch etwas

7. ungefähr, gegen, etwa:

a village of some 80 houses

8. umg ‚toll:

some player! ein klasse Spieler!;

that was some race! das war vielleicht ein Rennen!

B adv

1. besonders US etwas, ziemlich

2. umg enorm, toll

C pron

1. (irgend)ein(er, e, es):

some of these days dieser Tage, demnächst

2. etwas:

some of it etwas davon;

some of these people einige dieser Leute;

will you have some? möchtest du welche oder davon haben?;

and then some umg und noch einige(s) mehr

3. besonders US sl darüber hinaus, noch mehr

4. some …, some … die einen …, die anderen …

* * *
1. adjective
1) (one or other) [irgend]ein

some fool — irgendein Dummkopf (ugs.)

some day — eines Tages

some shop/book or other — irgendein Laden/Buch

some person or other — irgendjemand; irgendwer

2) (a considerable quantity of) einig...; etlich... (ugs. verstärkend)

speak at some length/wait for some time — ziemlich lang[e] sprechen/warten

some time/weeks/days/years ago — vor einiger Zeit/vor einigen Wochen/Tagen/Jahren

some time soon — bald [einmal]

3) (a small quantity of) ein bisschen

would you like some wine? — möchten Sie [etwas] Wein?

do some shopping/reading — einkaufen/lesen

4) (to a certain extent)

some guide — eine gewisse Orientierungshilfe

that is some proof — das ist [doch] gewissermaßen ein Beweis

5)

this is some war/poem/car! — (coll.) das ist vielleicht ein Krieg/Gedicht/Wagen! (ugs.)

6) (approximately) etwa; ungefähr
2. pronoun
einig...

she only ate some of it — sie hat es nur teilweise aufgegessen

some of her ideas are good — sie hat einige gute Ideen

some of the greatest music — einige der größten Werke der Musik

some say... — manche sagen...

some..., others... — manche..., andere...; die einen..., andere...

... and then some — und noch einige/einiges mehr
3. adverb
(coll.): (in some degree) ein bisschen; etwas

some more — noch ein bisschen

* * *

adj.

einig adj.

irgendein adj.

irgendetwas adj.

manch adj.

English-german dictionary > some
3 language

['læŋgwɪdʒ]
n

язык, речь, манера речи, выражение

There is no language to tell you how grateful I am to you. — Нет слов, чтобы выразить вам мою благодарность.

The paper was written in very scientific language. — Статья была написана научным языком.

- a foreign language

- English language
- Oriental languages
- Ancient languages
- spoken language
- bad language

- human language
- kindred languages
- artificial language
- second native language
- provincial language
- vigorous language
- a colloquial language

- idiomatic language
- lucid language
- imaginative language
- peculiar language
- strong language
- indecent language
- oficial language
- diplomatic language
- baby language
- everybody language
- world language
- street language
- code language
- flower language
- machine language
- smb's own language
- living language
- insulting language
- language skills
- language adequate to their purpose
- language unfitt for children
- language of the masses
- language of the day
- leading language of commerce
- language of a book
- every language known to civilization
- knowledge of the language
- teacher of languages
- rules of a language
- science of language
- confusion of languages
- richness of a language
- in severe language
- in commercial language
- in an easy language
- be proud of one's language
- express the idea in clear and simple language
- express oneself in restrained language
- express oneself in decided language
- have a gift for languages
- understand a foreign language
- read a foreign language
- know a foreign language
- speak a foreign language
- speak the same language
- use bad language
ASSOCIATIONS AND IMAGERY:

Язык и слова ассоциируются с едой, а эмоции, выражаемые словами, ассоциируются с вкусом, привкусом, запахом: It took me a long time to digest the news. У меня ушло много времени, пока я переварил эту новость. The technical name for it is a bit of a mouthful. Это такое техническое название, что язык сломишь/никак не выговоришь. - ср. русское "дикция" - полон рот каши; говорить с набитым ртом. We were chewing over what they had told us. Мы долго пережёвывали, что они нам сказали. It is a rather indigestible book. Это абсолютно неудобоваримая книга. The unpalatable truth is that too many schools are still failing their students. Неблаговидная/неблагоприятная правда состоит в том, что до сих пор во многих школах учеников плохо обучают/не готовят к дальнейшему образованию. He spoke bitterly about his family. Он с горечью говорил о своей семье. They made some very acid remarks. Они бросили несколько весьма ядовитых заечаний. Inside the card he found a sugarly poem. Внутри открытки он обнаружил слащавое стихотворение. She swore she'd make them eat their words. Она поклялась, что они еще подавятся своими словами. We sat and chewed the fat all evening. Весь вечер мы сидели и жевали эту жвачку

CHOICE OF WORDS:

Язык и речь часто приравниваются к голосам и звукам животных, и образ животного и типичные для него звуки придают специфическую эмоциональную окраску восприятию речи, соответствующую коннотацию слову: He barked out series of orders. Он пролаял/прогавкал еще серию каких-то приказов. "I've so enjoyed our little chat" - she purred. "Как мы чудесно поговорили" - промурлыкала она. They were bleating about how unfair it all was. Они что-то невнятно блеяли/мямлили на тему о том, что все это несправедливо. Ben grunted his agreement. Бен недовольно сквозь зубы прорычал, что соглсен. The other teams were crowing about their victory. Остальные члены команды возбужденно и радостно кричали что-то по поводу своей победы. "What's wrong how? " - he bellowed. "Ну, что там еще? " - проревел он. She was braying about his latest successful sale. Она не уставала без конца вещать о его последней удачной распродаже. /Она все блеяла о его последних успехах в торговле. "You'll never come here again" - she hissed. "Ты здесь больше никогда не появишься" - прошипела она.

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > language
4 speak

spi:k гл.;
прош. вр. - spoke, уст. - spake;
прич. прош. вр. - spoken
1) говорить, разговаривать;
изъясняться, выражаться, выражать свою мысль to speak bluntly, candidly, frankly ≈ говорить резко, открыто, откровенно to speak coherently ≈ говорить логично, связно to speak correctly ≈ говорить правильно to speak fluently ≈ говорить бегло, свободно to speak glibly ≈ говорить убедительно to speak incorrectly ≈ говорить неправильно to speak irresponsibly ≈ говорить легкомысленно, безответственно to speak loudly ≈ говорить громко to speak openly ≈ говорить открыто to speak politely ≈ вежливо разговаривать to speak quickly, rapidly ≈ говорить быстро to speak quietly, softly ≈ говорить спокойно, мягко to speak responsibly ≈ говорить со всей ответственностью to speak rudely ≈ грубо разговаривать to speak slowly ≈ говорить медленно The baby is learning to speak. ≈ Ребенок учится говорить. English is spoken here. ≈ Здесь говорят по-английски. Dixon speaking. ≈ Диксон у телефона.
2) сказать;
высказывать(ся) ;
отзываться( о чем-л., о ком-л.) to speak ill/evil of smb. ≈ дурно отзываться о ком-л. speak for oneself Syn: say
3) произносить речь, выступать( на собрании)
4) говорить, свидетельствовать
5) а) издавать характерный звук, звучать( о музыкальных инструментах, орудиях), "вести беседу" б) мор. окликать;
переговариваться с другим судном (при помощи гудков, сигналов и т.д.) ∙ speak at speak for speak small speak of speak out speak to speak up speak well for speak with so to speak говорить - the baby is learning to * ребенок учится говорить - he can * now теперь он может говорить - Smith *ing говорит Смит, Смит у телефона - *ing! (я) у телефона!;
это я! - he spoke at last наконец он заговорил - did you *, sir? вы что-то сказали, сэр? - neither of us could * никто из нас не мог вымолвить ни слова - she didn't * a word она не проронила ни слова - * the word! ну, говори же! - for some moments not a word was spoken несколько мгновений царило молчание - a word fitly spoken слово, сказанное к месту изъясняться, объясняться, говорить - to * several language говорить на нескольких языках - to * English (уметь) говорить по-английски, знать английский язык - to * through an interpreter говорить через переводчика - to * by signs объясняться жестами - the Japanese delegate spoke in English японский представитель говорил по-английски (of) упоминать - to * of (обыкн. с отрицанием) заслуживать упоминания - she has hardly any voice to * of о ее голосе не стоит и говорить, у нее почти нет голоса - it is nothing to * of об этом не стоит и говорить, это не имеет значения;
ничего стоящего внимания, серьезного - not to * of не говоря уже о - I cannot afford a silver watch, not to * of a gold one у меня нет денег на серебряные часы, не говоря уже о золотых - the gentleman spoken of джентльмен, о котором идет речь - her late husband was never spoken about in her presence в ее прсутствии никогда не упоминали о ее покойном муже разговаривать - I know him to * to я знаю его достаточно, чтобы поговорить с ним;
у меня с ним шапочное знакомство - we had spoken with them before мы уже раньше с ними переговорили - they didn't * for a fortnight они не разговаривали друг с другом две недели - she spoke with him for an hour она проговорила с ним целый час - don't * until you are spoken to не заговаривай, пока к тебе не обратятся (to) поговорить, переговорить (с кем-либо) ;
обратиться к кому-либо с упреком, просьбой - I'll * to him about it я с ним об этом поговорю (to) выговаривать кому-либо произносить - to * through the nose говорить в нос - the actor *s his part well актер хорошо подает текст роли - how she spoke the word! как она произнесла это слово!, как она это сказала! - I can hardly * these words я с трудом могу выговорить эти слова выражаться - to * plainly попросту говоря - as they * как говорится - so to * так сказать;
если можно так выразиться - broadly *ing вообще говоря, в общем - metaphorically *ing выражаясь метафорически - properly *ing по сути дела, собственно говоря;
если называть вещи своими именами - strictly *ing строго говоря - honestly *ing честно говоря - legally *ing с юридической точки зрения - he *s with clarity он выражается ясно (тж. * out, * up) высказываться, выражать мнение;
выступать - to * at a meeting выступить на собрании - to * in public выступать публично - to * to an audience обратиться с речью к собравшимся - to * up for truth and justice поднять голос в защиту истины и справедливости - to * definitely высказаться со всей определенностью - to * against smb., smth. высказываться против ког-либо, чего-либо - I ask to * прошу слова - since I am *ing поскольку мне предоставлено слово - he spoke to the club on gardening он произнес в клубе речь о садоводстве - to * to a point выступить по какому-либо пункту - * to the point! говорите по существу! - this was a measure against which he had spoken vigorously как раз против этой меры он энергично выступал - he spoke to the same effect он высказался в том же смысле - the law *s to the same effect в законе говорится о том же выражать, высказывать - to * (out) one's mind высказаться откровенно;
открыто высказывать свое мнение - to * the truth (aloud) говорить правду (вслух) - to * one's thoughts( aloud) высказывать свои мысли (вслух) - he *s persuasively он убедительно высказывает свою точку зрения - the portrait *s портрет очень выразителен, он на портрете как живой( for) выражать чье-либо мнение;
говорить вместо или от имени ког-либо - to * for smb. говорить за ког-либо;
представлять кого-либо;
выражать чье-либо мнение - he spoke for the whole group он выступал от лица всей группы - writers * for their age писатели выражают свое время (to) (парламентское) делать заявление( по какому-либо вопросу) - he spoke to this question for some time он сделал пространное заявление по этому поводу - to * to an objection выступить с ответом на возражение( for) высказываться в пользу( чего-либо) - to * for smb. высказаться в защиту кого-либо;
замолвить словечко за кого-либо - certain MPs spoke for cuts in the war budget некоторые члены парламента высказались за сокращение военного бюджета - the company's quarterly returns * for themselves квартальный отчет компании говороит сам за себя (of) отзываться, характеризовать - to * well of smb. хорошо отзываться о ком-либо - to * kindly of smb. говорить о ком-либо с нежностью - to * evil of smb. распространять о ком-либо гнусные слухи (тж. for, to, of) свидетельствовать (очем-либо), служить свидетельством (чего-либо) ;
говорить (о чем-либо) - to * volumes for smth. убедительно свидетельствовать о чем-либо - everything in the house *s of refined taste все в доме говорит о хорошем вкусе - his services * for him его заслуги говорят за него - actions * louder than words дела убедительнее слов - the fact *s for itself этот факт говорит сам за себя;
это очевидный факт - his countenance spoke regret на лице его выразилось сожаление - his manners * well of his upbringing его манеры свидетельствуют о хорошем воспитании подтверждать, служить подтверждением или доказательством;
говорить в пользу (чего-либо) - to * to the truth of the statement подтвеодить правильность данного заявления воздействовать - music *s directly to the emotions музыка непосредственно действует на чувства - nature *s to us throughout senses природа воздействует на нас через ощущения (at) намекать( на что-либо) - to * at smb. намекать на кого-либо - he addressed his wife but he spoke at me он говорил с женой, но слова его были обращены ко мне - don't * at me, please! нельзя ли без намеков?, говорите прямо! (for) заказывать;
требовать - the goods are spoken for товар заказан - the boy spoke for the remaining piece of pie мальчик попросил дать ему оставшийся кусок пирога здороваться, приветствовать - I must go and * to the hostess я должен пойти и поздороваться с хозяйкой грохотать, греметь( об орудиях) - the guns spoke заговорили пушки - the rifles have spoken затрещали винтовочные выстрелы - all at once the thunder spoke вдруг загремел гром звучать (о музыкальных инструментах) возвещать звуками (морское) окликать друг друга, обмениваться сигналами (о судах) - we spoke a whaler on the fourth day at sea на чевертый день плавания мы обменялись приветствиями с китобойным судном (охота) подавать голос( о собаке) > to * like a book говорить как по писаному;
говорить очень авторитетно > to * by the book говорить с полным знанием дела > to * by... судя по... > to * one's piece (американизм) (сленг) выложить все;
жаловаться;
ныть, скулить;
сделать предложение руки и сердца > go ahead and * your piece! давай выкладывай! ~ (spoke, уст. spake;
spoken) говорить, разговаривать, изъясняться;
the baby is learning to speak ребенок учится говорить English is spoken here здесь говорят по-английски;
Dixon speaking Диксон у телефона English is spoken here здесь говорят по-английски;
Dixon speaking Диксон у телефона speak говорить, свидетельствовать;
the facts speak for themselves факты говорят сами за себя;
this speaks him generous это говорит о его щедрости legally speaking с юридической точки зрения;
strictly speaking строго говоря;
generally speaking вообще говоря;
roughly speaking приблизительно, примерно speaking: generally ~ вообще говоря legally speaking с юридической точки зрения;
strictly speaking строго говоря;
generally speaking вообще говоря;
roughly speaking приблизительно, примерно to ~ well for говорить в пользу;
speak of упоминать;
nothing to speak of сущий пустяк ~ up высказаться;
so to speak так сказать speak говорить, свидетельствовать;
the facts speak for themselves факты говорят сами за себя;
this speaks him generous это говорит о его щедрости ~ (spoke, уст. spake;
spoken) говорить, разговаривать, изъясняться;
the baby is learning to speak ребенок учится говорить ~ звучать (о музыкальных инструментах, орудиях) ~ мор. окликать;
переговариваться с другим судном;
speak at выговаривать (кому-л.) ~ произносить речь, выступать (на собрании) ;
speak to the subject! не отклоняйтесь от темы! ~ сказать;
высказывать(ся) ;
отзываться;
to speak the truth говорить правду ~ мор. окликать;
переговариваться с другим судном;
speak at выговаривать (кому-л.) ~ for говорить за (или от лица) (кого-л.) to ~ for oneself говорить за себя;
speak for yourself не говорите за других, не приписывайте другим ваших мнений to ~ for oneself говорить о собственных чувствах to ~ for oneself говорить за себя;
speak for yourself не говорите за других, не приписывайте другим ваших мнений to ~ ill (или evil) (of smb.) дурно отзываться (о ком-л.) ;
to speak the word выразить желание to ~ well for говорить в пользу;
speak of упоминать;
nothing to speak of сущий пустяк ~ out высказываться ~ out говорить громко ~ сказать;
высказывать(ся) ;
отзываться;
to speak the truth говорить правду to ~ ill (или evil) (of smb.) дурно отзываться (о ком-л.) ;
to speak the word выразить желание ~ to обращаться( к кому-л.), говорить (с кем-л.) ~ to подтверждать (что-л.) ~ произносить речь, выступать (на собрании) ;
speak to the subject! не отклоняйтесь от темы! ~ up высказаться;
so to speak так сказать ~ up говорить громко и отчетливо to ~ well for говорить в пользу;
speak of упоминать;
nothing to speak of сущий пустяк legally speaking с юридической точки зрения;
strictly speaking строго говоря;
generally speaking вообще говоря;
roughly speaking приблизительно, примерно speak говорить, свидетельствовать;
the facts speak for themselves факты говорят сами за себя;
this speaks him generous это говорит о его щедрости

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > speak
5 Mirandese language

A Romance language, experiencing a miniscule revival, spoken only in a small section of northeastern Portugal. As of 2006, the number of Mirandese speakers was estimated to be between 5,000 and 15,000, residents mainly in the Portuguese municipalities of Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro, and Vimioso, near the frontier with Spain. In a 1999 law, Portugal's parliament granted the language co-official recognition with the Portuguese language. Mirandese has its distinct phonology, morphology, and syntax and this has been so since the formation of Portugal in the 12th century. The language's roots are in the Latin spoken in the northern Iberian Peninsula, as well as in the ancient languages of the Kingdoms of Leon and Asturias in northern Spain. Since 1986-87 in Portugal this language has been taught to students between the ages of 10 and 11 in this area's schools. Most speakers of Mirandese also speak Portuguese and some speak Spanish (Castilian).

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Mirandese language
6 Глава 3. Do you speak ebonics?

(Особенности негритянского английского)

← Глава 2. Главное американское слово, или 450 лет от fucker'а до motherfucker'а

→ Глава 4. Клич охотника в бумажных джунглях

Профессор: Какие еще виды пластмасс вы знаете? (Молчание)

Ну, подскажу. Вечер, вы наедине с кавалером...

Студентка: А, вспомнила, эбонит!

Профессор: М-да... В наше время это был целлулоид.

Старый анекдот

Язык негров, в особенности негров американского юга, непонятен на слух даже тем, кто прекрасно знает классический английский. Невнятное своеобразное произношение, масса сокращений и трансформаций, нестандартная грамматика, все упрощено до неузнаваемости - это и есть ebonics - эбоникс. В принципе - это диалект, вариант английского языка. В нашем словаре мы пользуемся термином "эбоникс" часто и нестрого (чтобы длинно и нудно не объяснять в каждом случае, что данное ругательство характерно, например, для негров Алабамы). То, что мы называем эбоникс - это чаще всего слова, характерные для американских негров.

Зачастую эбоникс выглядит как речь малограмотных. Это и так, и не так. Скажем, детей, выросших в среде его носителей, тяжело выучить правильному английскому. Эбоникс, несмотря на веселое (для нас) название, язык не пародийный и не шуточный. Люди думают на нем, общаются и прекрасно друг друга понимают (тут важны практика и интуиция). При повседневном использовании непонятные непосвященному словечки и вульгаризмы становятся нормой. Школьный английский кажется им чуждым, искусственным (как нам - церковнославянский), учить его нет мотивации. Ведь дети уверены, что говорят по-английски, и все вокруг них говорят так же. А тут вдруг почему-то учитель сообщает, что все надо писать и говорить по-другому.

К тому же подросткам постоянно твердят, что мы (афроамериканцы) - лучше других и что всякие чужаки готовят нам гадости. Типичная идеология автосегрегированных меньшинств. Есть политики, финансово заинтересованные в ее существовании. Доходило до разговоров о необходимости перевода преподавания на эбоникс для районов, где школьникам дискомфортно учиться на стандартном английском. Смеетесь? Как говорится, смейся, паяц! Эта логика уже привела к введению, регионально, испанского как основного - для детей мексиканских эмигрантов - с очевидными последствиями для будущего этих детей. Как работать-то потом? Напишешь деловой меморандум на эбониксе?

Об эбониксе надо иметь общее представление, потому что это живой и достаточно распространенный в стране диалект. Есть и дополнительные причины культурного плана. Gangsta rap (гангста-рэп, дословно - бандитский треп) - дитя эбоникса. Этот песенный стиль популярен в Америке и в мире, но местные смысл понимают, а иностранцы нет. Впрочем, глубоких мыслей там мало, хотя забавные вещи встречаются. Например, в России часто не видят, в чем разница между Эминемом, получившим кучу наград, и массой других рэпперов. Дело совсем не в том, что Эминем белый, просто качество его текстов повыше, хотя и перебарщивает с политагитками и самолюбованием. Однако в целом - нормальный человек, что не про всех исполнителей скажешь. Гангста-рэпом ведь часто занимаются настоящие блатные, а переживания воров и наркоманов, их жалостливое нытье о злой судьбине, бездушном обществе и том, как их "засосала опасная трясина", слезу не вышибают. А Эминем на сцене в беспросветность жизни только играет, рэп его не совсем всамделишный.

Это как с Бобом Диланом, вышедшим из кантри и фолк-музыки, но развившим свое направление, после чего поклонники чистого жанра (примеры этого чистого жанра - Вуди Гатри, Джоан Баэз) стали считать его предателем.

Особенно неподражаемо (буквально - фиг научишься!) характерное для эбоникса южное произношение. У белых южан, даже из бедных необразованных слоев, оно другое. Зато у негров с юга, в том числе образованных и безупречных в грамматике, оно обычно сохраняется, и это легко различимо даже по телефону. Есть термин "visible minorities" - видимые меньшинства (имеется в виду цвет кожи), так вот, в нашем случае меньшинство еще и отчетливо слышимо!

Стыдно сказать, но работающие на юге русские специальное слово изобрели - гавьядуинги - для обозначения простых пожилых негров, например уборщиков, которые всегда вежливо здороваются, входя в офис, посредством произнесения этого смешного слова. Означает оно, на их диалекте, всего-навсего How are you doing? - Привет! Как дела? Именно так там это приветствие и произносят, или еще короче - Ховди- Howdy! (Последнее слово, впрочем, не негритянское, а просто южное, в Техасе все так говорят.)

Типичный пример прикольной надписи на эбониксе дан на рис. (На жаргоне высказана народная кошачья мудрость: "If the cat ain't happy — ain't nobody happy — В доме, где кот несчастлив, никто не счастлив".), еще один образец такого юмора см. на цв. илл. (Помогаем перевести: shoot (стрелять), hoop (баскетбольная корзина), brotha (= brother — брат). Эбоникс на майке. Выражена довольно простая мысль: лучше играть в баскетбол, чем стрелять друг в друга. Но если эту же мысль выразить по-английски в точности так, как мы сейчас перевели, кто бы такую футболку стал носить?) к слову BROTHA.

Ниже мы приводим и примеры разговорной речи. Здесь они не для того, чтобы вы этот язык выучили, дай бог со стандартным английским освоиться. Только для общего представления. Обратите внимание, что все связано в жесткие, устоявшиеся конструкции: искажают язык не кто как хочет, а как принято.

Вот характерные черты эбоникса.

1. Времена перепутаны, прошедшего не существует, ed не добавляется в Past Participle:

I have live here twelve years. (lived) He pass him yesterday. (passed)

2. Лица взаимозаменяемы, have и has тоже, 3-го лица просто нет.

He pick me. (picks) He never play no more, man. (plays) He don't know nobody. (doesn't)

3. Необычное использование модальных и вспомогательных глаголов. Типичны конструкции типа he done told me (done вместо has), might could (двойное сослагательное). В разговоре, бывает, be используется вместо is. Например вообще непонятное по обычным нормам "I been know your name" означает "I have known for a long time and still do" (Я тебя давно знаю). "It don't all be her fault" это "It isn't always her fault". Вот и разберитесь.

4. Обычные слова используют необычно (примеры есть в словаре):

Hit him upside the head. (Hit him in the head.) The rock say 'Shhh!' (The rock went `Shhh!') I wanna be a police. (I wanna be a policeman.)

5. Глаголы не спрягаются (be и все, в am или is нет необходимости), многие глаголы-связки опущены:

He be always fooling around. I'm a shoot you. (I'm g'na shoot you.) He a friend. He tired. He over there. He with us. He working with us. (is - везде).

6. Масса паразитных, ничего не значащих слов, двойных усилений, дупликации глаголов:

He useta was workin'. She useta hadda pick at me. If you can find that cancelled check, I may can go out there and get it. Can you get your civil rights without getting your head busted? You might will in the long run. Well, you must can't fuck good, then.

7. Притяжательные конструкции, согласование слов нарушено:

Give him they book. (their)

8. Фонетическое правописание, слияние слов в нестандартные конструкции:

Cause I'll be done put-stuck so many holes in him he'll wish he wouldna said it. I done about forgot mosta those things. My father liketo kill me. I was liketo have got shot. He better hadda moved out.

Типичные образцы популярных конструкций: liketo, hafta, useta, supposta.

9. Двойное отрицание (в стандартном английском оно означает утверждение, но в эбониксе остается отрицанием):

Ain't nothin' happenin' 'n' shit (ни х*я не происходит).

Don't nobody break up a fight (не лезь в чужую драку).

Особые проблемы возникают с пониманием времени и продолжительности действий, так как вспомогательные глаголы и их использование нестандартные. В качестве издевательского самостоятельного упражнения для филологов дадим цитату из хорошей книжки про эбоникс (W.Labow. Language in the Inner Cuty. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1972). Попробуйте ответить на поставленные вопросы.

А. Someone asked, Is she married? and someone answered, She been married. Do you get the idea that she is married now?

Yes ________________________

No_________________________

B. A teacher said, Do you know your number facts? and a boy answered, I been know them. Do you get the idea that

he's all ready to take the test ________________

he has to brush up on this stuff ______________

C. So what do you think been means in I been know them?

used to know___

know right now___

knew but can't quite remember ___

hawe known for a long time___

Здесь мы остановимся и напомним, что еще существуют таблицы произношения - на эбониксе многие-многие слова произносятся нестандартно. Мы их не приводим, это уже далеко за пределами легкого ознакомления. Напоследок дадим иллюстрацию.

Yunnerstan, или как филолог с уркой побеседовали

Филолог Джон Льюис (JL), изучающий жаргон уличных негритянских банд, решил установить, можно ли на эбониксе говорить о вещах серьезных, абстрактных. Вот кусочек его беседы с Ларри (Larry) - многообещающим несовершеннолетним лидером уличной шпаны (inner-city street gang):

JL: What happens to you after you die? Do you know?

Что происходит с тобой после твоей смерти? Ты знаешь?

Larry: Yeah, I know. (What?) After they put you in the ground, your body turns into-ah-bones, an' shit.

Ну, знаю. (Что?) После того, как они тебя закопают в землю, твое тело превращается во всякие кости и говно.

JL: What happens to your spirit?

А что происходит с твоей душой?

Larry: Your spirit-soon as you die, your spirit leaves you. (And where does the spirit go?) Well, it all depends.. (On what?) You know, like some people say if you're good an' shit, your spirit goin' t'heaven... 'n' if you bad, your spirit goin' to hell. Well, bullshit! Your spir:goin' to hell anyway, good or bad.

Твоя душа, вскоре после того как ты умрешь, твоя душа от тебя уходит. (И куда душа уходит?) Ну, все зависит от обстоятельств... (От каких?) Ну, знаешь, некоторые люди говорят, что если ты хороший и прочее дерьмо, то твой дух отправится на небо, а если нет - в ад. Ну, это все треп. Твоя душа попадет в ад так и так, по-хорошему или по-плохому.

JL: Why?

Почему?

Larry: Why? I'll tell you why. 'Cause, you see, doesn' nobody really know that it's a God, y'know, 'cause - I mean I have seen black gods, pink gods, white gods, all color gods, and don't nobody know it's really a God. An' when they be sayin' if you good, you goin' t'heaven, tha's bullshit, 'cause you ain't goin' to no heaven, 'cause it ain't no heaven for you to go to.

Почему? Я тебе скажу почему. Потому что, сам понимаешь, никто же не знает, в самом деле есть ли Бог, ты понимаешь, что я имею в виду. Я имею в виду, что видел черных богов, розовых богов, белых богов, богов всех цветов, и никто в самом деле не знает, кто настоящий Бог. И когда они говорят, что если ты хороший, то отправишься в рай, это все тот же треп, никакого рая нет, потому что его нет вообще.

JL: Well, if there's no heaven, how could there be a hell?

Ну, а если рая нет, то как же может быть ад?

Larry: I mean-ye-eah. Well, let me tell you, it ain't no hell, 'cause this is hell right here, y'know! (This is hell?) Yeah, this is hell right here!

Я имею в виду... Ну, давай тебе скажу, это не тот ад, потому что настоящий ад прямо здесь, ты знаешь! (Это ад?) Да, это ад, прямо здесь!

JL:... but, just say that there is a God, what color is he? White or black?

...но, допустим, что Бог есть, какого он цвета? Белый или черный?

Larry: Well, if it is a God... I wouldn' know what color, I couldn' say,-couldn' nobody say what color he is or really would be.

Ну, если Бог есть... я не знаю, какого он цвета, я не могу сказать. Никто вообще не может сказать, какого он цвета на самом деле.

JL: But now, jus' suppose there was a God -

Но, предположим сейчас, что Бог есть -

Larry: Unless'n they say...

Ну, если они так говорят...

JL: No, I was jus' sayin' jus' suppose there is a God, would he be white or black?

Нет, я имею в виду, если допустить, что Бог есть, он тогда белый или черный?

Larry:...He'd be white, man.

...Он был бы белым.

JL: Why?

Почему?

Larry: Why? I'll tell you why. 'Cause the average whitey out here got everything, you dig? And the nigger ain't got shit, y'know? Y'unnerstan'? So-um-for-in order for that to happen, you know it ain't no black God that's doin' that bullshit.

Почему? Я тебе скажу почему. Потому что средний белый имеет сейчас все, сечешь? А у черного нет ни черта, знаешь? Ты понял? Так что, для того чтобы так вот это было, никакой черный Бог не сделает такой фигни.

Вот выводы Джона Льюиса.

Он восхищен, как на этом корявом языке Ларри мастерски все аргументировал, считает его почти талантом и жалеет, что тот не учился.

Наш комментарий.

На эбониксе, да и с помощью родной фени, можно емко объяснить все, даже теорию относительности. Манера Ларри - типичный уголовный треп, цель которого - не выяснить истину, а показать, что ты сильнее, одержать верх в споре. На деле Ларри удачно "срезал" филолога, используя приемы блатной болтовни. В Америке здесь все то же, что и в России, только на английском.

Не смущайтесь, урожденные американцы все это тоже понимают не очень. Освоить язык, которому посвящена эта глава, гораздо труднее, чем популярные ругательства, включая мат (с ним, кстати, в эбониксе все густо перемешано). Зато теперь вы не удивитесь, когда вживую услышите речь со странной грамматикой и произношением и поймете, кому она может принадлежать.

American slang. English-Russian dictionary > Глава 3. Do you speak ebonics?
7 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE

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   ■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.

   ■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.

   ■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.

   ■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.

   ■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.

   ■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.

   ■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.

   ■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.

   ■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.

   ■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.

   ■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.

   ■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.

   ■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.

   ■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.

   ■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.

   ■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.

   ■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.

   ■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).

   ■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).

   ■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.

   ■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.

   ■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

   ■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.

   ■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.

   ■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.

   ■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.

   ■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.

   ■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.

   ■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.

   ■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.

   ■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.

   ■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.

   ■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.

   ■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).

   ■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.

   ■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.

   ■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.

   ■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].

   ■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.

   ■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.

   ■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.

   ■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.

   ■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,

   ■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.

   ■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).

   ■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.

   ■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Stock, Maria José. Os Partidos do Poder: Dez Anos Depois do " 25 De Abril." Evora, 1986.

   ■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.

   ■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.

   ■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.

   ■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.

   ■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.

   ■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA

   ■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.

   ■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.

   ■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.

   ■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.

   ■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.

   ■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.

   ■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.

   ■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.

   ■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.

   ■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.

   ■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.

   ■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY

   ■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).

   ■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da

   ■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.

   ■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.

   ■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.

   ■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.

   ■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.

   ■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.

   ■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.

   ■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.

   ■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:

   ■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.

   ■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS

   ■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.

   ■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.

   ■. The Journal of William Beckford in Portugal and Spain 1787-1788.

   ■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.

   ■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.

   ■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.

   ■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.

   ■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.

   ■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.

   ■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.

   ■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.

   ■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.

   ■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.

   ■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.

   ■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.

   ■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.

   ■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.

   ■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.

   ■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.

   ■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.

   ■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.

   ■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.

   ■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.

   ■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.

   ■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.

   ■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.

   ■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.

   ■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.

   ■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.

   ■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.

   ■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.

   ■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.

   ■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.

   ■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.

   ■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.

   ■. Navegadores, viajantes e adventureiros portugueses: Séculos XV e XVI. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.

   ■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.

   ■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.

   ■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.

   ■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.

   ■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.

   ■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.

   ■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.

   ■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.

   ■ Dias, José S. da Silva. Os descobrimentos e a problemática cultural do Século XVI, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Disney, Anthony, and Emily Booth, eds. Vasco Da Gama and the Linking of Europe and Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000.

   ■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães, ed. Documentos sobre a expansão portuguesa [ to 1460], 3 vols. Lisbon, 1945-54.

   ■ Guedes, Max, and Gerald Lombardi, eds. Portugal. Brazil: The Age of Atlantic Discoveries. Lisbon: Bertrand; Milan: Ricci; Brazilian Culture Foundation, 1990. [Catalogue of New York Public Library Exhibit, Summer 1990]

   ■ Harley, J. B., and David Woodward. The History of Cartography. Volume 1: Cartography in Prehistoric, Ancient and Medieval Europe and Mediterranean. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987.

   ■ Leite, Duarte. História dos Descobrimentos: Colectânea de esparsos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1958-61.

   ■ Ley, Charles. Portuguese Voyages, 1498-1663. London: Dent, 1953.

   ■ Marques, J. Martins da Silva. Descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1944-71.

   ■ Martyn, John R. C., ed. Pedro Nunes ( 1502-1578): His Lost Algebra and Other Discoveries. John R. C. Martyn, trans. New York: Peter Lang, 1996.

   ■ Morison, Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A. D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■. Portuguese Voyages to America in the Fifteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.

   ■ Mota, Avelino Teixeira da. Mar, Além-Mar-Estudos e Ensaios de História e Geografia. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Vida e Obra do Infante D. Henrique. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Parry, J. H. The Discovery of the Sea. New York: Dial, 1974.

   ■ Penrose, Boies. Travel and Discovery in the Renaissance, 1420-1620. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1952.

   ■ Peres, Damião. História dos Descobrimentos Portugueses. Oporto, 1943.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. The Portuguese Pioneers. London, 1933; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1967.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Precision Astrolabe: Portuguese Navigators and Transoceanic Aviation. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Seary, E. R. "The Portuguese Element in the Place Names of Newfoundland." In Luís Albuquerque, ed., Vice-Almirante A. Teixeira da Mota: In Memo-riam. Vol. II, 359-64. Lisbon: Academia da Marinha, 1989.

   ■ Subrahmanyam, Sanjay. The Career and Legend of Vasco Da Gama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

   ■ Velho, Alvaro. Roteiro ( Navigator's Route) da Primeira Viagem de Vasco da Gama ( 1497-1499). Lisbon, 1960.

   ■ Winius, George, ed. Portugal, the Pathfinder: Journeys from the Medieval toward the Modern World 1300-ca. 1600. Madison, Wisc.: Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 1995.

   ■ PORTUGAL AND HER OVERSEAS EMPIRES (1415-1975)

   ■ Abshire, David M., and Michael A. Samuels, eds. Portuguese Africa: A Handbook. New York: Praeger, 1969.

   ■ Afonso, Aniceto, and Carlos de Matos Gomes. Guerra Colonial. Lisbon: Noticias, 2001.

   ■ Albuquerque, J. Moushino de. Moçambique. Lisbon, 1898.

   ■ Alden, Dauril. The Making of an Enterprise: The Society of Jesus in Portugal, Its Empire & Beyond. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1995.

   ■ Alexandre, Valentim. Orígens do Colonialismo Português Moderno ( 18221891). Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1979.

   ■. Velho Brasil, Novas Africas: Portugal e o Império ( 1808-1975). Oporto: Afrontamento, 2000.

   ■, and Jill Dias, eds. "O Império Africano 1825-1890. Volume X." In J.

   ■ Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds., Nova História Da Expansão Portuguesa. Lisbon: Estampa, 1998.

   ■ Ames, Glen J. "The Carreira da India, 1668-1682: Maritime Enterprise and the Quest for Stability in Portugal's Asian Empire." Journal of European Economic History 20, 1 (1991): 7-28.

   ■. Renascent Empire? The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia, ca. 1640-1683. Amsterdam: Amsterdam Univ.Press, 2000.

   ■. Vasco da Gama. Renaissance Crusader. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2005.

   ■ Antunes, José Freire. O Império com Pés de Barro: Colonizaçao e Descolonização: As Ideologias em Portugal. Lisbon: D. Quixote, 1980.

   ■. O Factor Africano 1890-1990. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1990.

   ■. A Guerra De Africa 1961-1974, 2 vols. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995-96.

   ■. Jorge Jardim: Agente Secreto 1919-1982. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1996.

   ■ Axelson, Eric A. South-East Africa, 1488-1530. London: Longmans, 1940.

   ■. "Prince Henry and the Discovery of the Sea Route to India." Geographical Journal (U.K.) 127, 2 (June 1961): 145-58.

   ■. Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, 1875-1891. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1967.

   ■. Portuguese in South-East Africa, 1488-1699. Cape Town: Struik, 1973.

   ■. Congo to Cape: Early Portuguese Explorers. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.

   ■ Azevedo, Mário. Historical Dictionary of Mozambique, 2nd ed. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2003.

   ■ Baião, António, Hernãni Cidade, and Manuel Murias, eds. História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 4 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40.

   ■ Bender, Gerald J. "The Limits of Counterinsurgency [in the Angolan War, 1961-72]." Comparative Politics (1972): 331-60.

   ■. Angola under the Portuguese: The Myth Versus Reality. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

   ■ Bhíla, H. H. K. Trade and Politics in a Shona Kingdom: The Manyika and Their Portuguese and African Neighbours, 1875-1902. Harlow, U.K.: Longman, 1990.

   ■ Birmingham, David. The Portuguese Conquest of Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965.

   ■. Trade and Conflict in Angola. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1966.

   ■. Frontline Nationalism in Angola & Mozambique. London: James Currey, 1992.

   ■. Portugal and Africa. New York: St. Martins, 1999.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Le Portugal Et Sa Vocation Maritime. Paris: Boccard, 1977. Boxer, C. R. Fidalgos in the Far East— Fact and Fancy in the History of Macau. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948. ———. The Christian Century in Japan. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1951.

   ■ ———. Salvador de Sá and the Struggle for Brazil and Angola, 1602-1688. London, 1952.

   ■ ———. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.

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   ■ Duncan, T. Bentley. Atlantic Islands in the Seventeenth Century: Madeira, the Azores and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce andNavigation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1972.

   ■ Guill, James H. A History of the Azores Islands. Menlo Park, Calif.: Author's Edition, 1972.

   ■ Instituto Histórico Da Ilha Terceira [Azores]. Os Açores E O Atlântico ( Séculos XIV-XVII) [Proceedings of International Colloquium, August 1983]. Angra do Heroismo, Terceira Island, Azores, 1984.

   ■ Koebel, William Henry. Madeira Old and New. London: Griffiths, 1909.

   ■ Mee, Jules. Histoire de la découverte des Iles Açores. Ghent, 1901.

   ■ Peres, Damião. A Madeira sob os donatórios-Séculos XV e XVI. Funchal, 1914.

   ■ Rogers, Francis M. Atlantic Islanders of the Azores and Madeiras. North Quincy, Mass.: Christopher House, 1979.

   ■ Serpa, Caetano Valadão. A Gente Dos Açores. Identificaçao-Emigraçio E Religiosidade: Séculos XVI-XX. Lisbon: 1978.

   ■ Silva, J. Donald. "With Columbus in Madeira." Portuguese Studies Review (Durham, NH) I, 1 (Spring-Summer 1991).

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Azores and the United States (1787-1987): Two Hundred Years of Shared History." Boletim do Instituto Histórico da Ilha Terceira XLV (1988): 55-71.

   ■ Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (1373-Present)

   ■ Almada, José de. A Aliança Inglesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1947.

   ■. Para a história da aliança luso-britânica. Lisbon, 1955.

   ■ Atkinson, William C. British Contributions to Portuguese and Brazilian Studies. London: British Council, 1974.

   ■ Bourne, Kenneth. The Foreign Policy of Victorian England 1830-1902. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970.

   ■ British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■ British Community Council of London. Souvenir Brochure Commemorating the 600th Anniversary of the Anglo-Portuguese Treaty of Alliance and Friendship, 1373-1973. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. Portugal na Alvorada do Século XX. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Caetano, Marcello "Aliança Inglesa." Enciclopédia Luso-Brasileira da Cultura. Vol. 1 (1963): 1270-1271.

   ■. "L'alliance Anglo-Portuguese: Histoire et situation actuelle." Chronique de politique etrangére (Paris) XX, 6 (1967): 695-708.

   ■. Portugal e a Internacionalização dos Problemas Africanos. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Castro, Armando. A dominação inglesa em Portugal. Estudo seguido de Antologia Textos dos Sécs. XVIII e XIX. Oporto: Afrontamento, 1972.

   ■ Crollen, Luc. Portugal, the U.S. and NATO. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1973.

   ■. "Portugal." In O. De Raeymaeker et al. Small Powers in Alignment, 27-96. Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press, 1974.

   ■ Cunha Leal, Francisco. Portugal e Inglaterra. Corunna, 1932.

   ■ Davidson, Basil. "The Oldest Alliance Faces a Crisis." In Philip Masonm, ed., Angola: A Symposium. Views of a Revolt, 138-60. London: Oxford University Press, 1962.

   ■ Duff, Katherine. "The War and the Neutrals." In Arnold and Veronica Toyn-bee, eds., Survey of International Affairs. London: Chatham House, 1956.

   ■ Duffy, James. A Question of Slavery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967.

   ■ Epstein, John. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1373-1973." World Survey (London) 54 (June 1973): p. 18.

   ■ Ferreira, José Medeiros. Estudos de Estratégia e Relações Internacionais. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Ferreira Martins, General L. O Poder Militar Da Gran-Bretanha E A Aliança Anglo-Lusa. Coimbra, 1939.

   ■. A Cooperaçio Anglo-Portuguesa na Grande Guerra de 1914-18. Lisbon, 1942.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal 1691-1700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.

   ■. Portugal 1715-1808. London: Tamesis, 1985.

   ■ Freitas, A. Barjona de. A Questão Ingleza. Lisbon, 1891.

   ■ Gonçalves, Caetano. A Aliança Luso-Britânica e o Domínio Colonial Português. Lisbon, 1917.

   ■ Guedes, Armando Marques. A Aliança Inglesa: Notas de História diplomática, 1383-1943. Lisbon, 1943. Halpern Pereira, Miriam. Revoluçio, finanças, dependência externa. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Howorth, A. H. D'Araujo Scott. A Aliança Luso-Britânica E A Segunda Guerra Mundial. Lisbon, 1956.

   ■ Kay, Hugh. Salazar and Modern Portugal. New York: Hawthorne, 1970.

   ■ Lawrence, L. Nehru Seizes Goa. New York: Pageant, 1963.

   ■ Livermore, H. V. "The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance: Historical Perspective." 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 7-15. Lisbon: BBC, 1973.

   ■ Macedo, Jorge Borges de. História Diplomática Portuguesa-Constantes e Linhas de Força. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Manoel, J. de Câmara. Portugal e Inglatterra. Lisbon, 1909.

   ■ Martinez, Pedro S. História Diplomática de Portugal. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Medlicott, W. N. The Economic Blockade, Vol. II. London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1952.

   ■ Oliveira, Pedro Aires. Os Despojos Da Alianca. A Gra-Bretanha e a questao colonial portuguesa 1945-1975. Lisbon: Tinta-da-China, 2007. Ortigão, Ramalho. John Bull. Lisbon, 1887.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Diplomatic Relations of Portugal with France, England and Holland from 1646 to 1668. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1925.

   ■. Chapters in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. London: Voss & Michael, 1935.

   ■ Russell, Peter E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955. Sarmento, J. E. Morães. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and Coast Defense. London, 1908.

   ■ Serrão, Joel. "O Ultimatum (January 1890)." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. IV (1971): 219-24.

   ■ Shafaat, Ahmed Khan, ed. Anglo-Portuguese Negotiations Relating to Bombay, 1660-1667. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922.

   ■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.

   ■ Sousa, Carlos Hermenegildo de. A Aliança Anglo-Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1943.

   ■ Stone, Glyn A. "The Official British Attitude to the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 1910-45." Journal of Contemporary History (London) 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 729-46.

   ■. The Oldest Ally: Britain and the Portuguese Connection, 1936-1941. Woodbridge, U.K.: Royal Historical Society and Boydell Press, 1994. Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Ultimatum Inglês: Política Externa no Portugal do 1890. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Teles, Basilio. Do Ultimatum ao 30 de Janeiro. Oporto, 1905.

   ■ Vicente, António Pedro. "Um testemunho de 1796 sobre a Situação de Portugal face ao domínio inglês." In Arquivos do Centro Cultural Portugües, IV. Paris, 1972.

   ■ Vieira de Castro, Luís. D. Carlos I. ( Elementos de História Diplomática), 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1941.

   ■ Vincent-Smith, John. "Britain, Portugal and the First World War." European Studies Review 4, 3 (1974).

   ■. "The Portuguese Economy and the Anglo-Portuguese Commercial Treaty of 1916." Iberian Studies (Keele, U.K.) III, 2 (Autumn 1974): 49-54.

   ■. As Relações Políticas Luso-Britânicas 1910-1916. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■. "The Portuguese Republic and Britain, 1910-14." Journal of Contemporary History 10, 4 (Oct. 1975): 707-27.

   ■ Vintras, R. E. The Portuguese Connection: A Secret History of the Azores Base. London: Bachman & Turner, 1974. Viriato [Pseud]. A Aliança lnglesa. Lisbon, 1914.

   ■ Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon and Its Closing Stages Ensuring upon the Treaty of 1810. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1891: A Study in Expansion and Administration." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 1963.

   ■. "19th Century: Anglo-Portuguese Alliance and the Scramble for Africa." In BBC, 600 Years of Anglo-Portuguese Alliance, 40-43. London: BBC, 1973.

   ■. "The Price of Neutrality: Portugal, the Wolfram Question and World War II." Luso-Brazilian Review (Madison, Wisc.) 34, 1, 2 (Summer 1986; Winter 1986): 107-27; 97-111.

   ■ Wordsworth, William. William Wordsworth's Convention of Cintra: A Facsimile of the 1809 Tract [Introduction by Gordon Kent Thomas]. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983.

   ■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1917.

   ■ ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, RURAL AND URBAN SOCIETY

   ■ Almeida, Miguel Vale de. The Hegemonic Male: Masculinity in a Portuguese Town. Oxford: Berghan, 1996.

   ■ Black, Richard. Crisis and Change in Rural Europe: Agricultural Development in the Portuguese Mountains. Aldershot, U.K.: Avebury and Ashgate, 1992.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. Men Who Migrate, Women Who Wait: Population and History in a Portuguese Parish. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.

   ■. "The Absence of Men." Natural History 96, 2 (Feb. 1987): 52-61.

   ■. "The Portuguese." In Encyclopedia of World Cultures. New Haven, Conn.: Human Relations Area Files, 1990.

   ■. "The Priest and His People: The Contractual Basis for Religious Practice in Rural Portugal." In Ellen Badone, ed., Religious Orthodoxy and Popular Faith in European Society, 55-75. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1990.

   ■ Brogger, Jan. Pre-bureaucratic Europeans: A Study of a Portuguese Fishing Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989. Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. "Portuguese Perspectives." Sociologia Ruralis [Journal of European Rural Sociology] XXIV, 1 (1986); number devoted to rural Portugal today. Chaney, Rick. Regional Emigration and Remittances in Developing Countries: The Portuguese Experience. New York: Praeger, 1986. Cole, Sally. Women of the Praia: Work and Lives in a Portuguese Colonial Community. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1991. Cutileiro, José. A Portuguese Rural Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

   ■ Deschamps, Paul. Portugal: La Vie Sociale Actuelle. Paris, 1935.

   ■. Histoire Sociale du Portugal. Paris, 1959.

   ■ Dias, Jorge. Rio do Onor-comunitarismo agropastoral. Oporto, 1953.

   ■. Ensaios Etnológicos. Lisbon, 1961.

   ■. The Portuguese Contribution to Cultural Anthropology. Johannesburg: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1964.

   ■. Vilarinho Da Furna: Uma Aldeia Comunitária. Rev. ed. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Downs, Charles. Os Moradores à Conquista da Cidade. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■. "Community Organization, Political Change and Urban Policy: Portugal. 1974-1976." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology. University of California, 1980.

   ■. "Residents' Commissions and Urban Struggles in Revolutionary Portugal." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Dracklé, Dorlé. Macht und Ohnmacht: Der Kampf num die Agarreform im Alentejo ( Portugal). Gottingen, Germany: Edit. Re, 1991.

   ■ Espírito Santo, Moise. Communidade Rural ao Norte do Tejo. Lisbon, 1980.

   ■ Feijó, Rui, H. Martins, and João de Pina Cabral, eds. Death in Portugal. Oxford: Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford, 1983.

   ■ Feijó, Rui Graça. "State, Nation and Regional Diversity in Portugal: An Overview." In Richard Herr and John H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity: Essays on the Nature of Identity in Portugal and Spain, 37-47. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1989.

   ■ Feio, Mariano. Les Bas Alentejo et l'Algarve. Lisbon, 1949.

   ■ Ferreira de Almeida, João. Classes sociais nos campos. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Fonseca, Ramiro da. O Livro da Saúde e da Doença. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. Portugal: A Book of Folk-Ways. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936. Reprinted, 1961.

   ■ Hoefgen, Lynn. "The Integration of Returnees from the Colonies into Portugal's Social and Economic Life." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, 1985.

   ■ Ingerson, Alice Elizabeth. "Corporatism and Class Consciousness in Northwestern Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology. Johns Hopkins University, 1984.

   ■ Jenkins, Robin. The Road to Alto. London: Pluto Press, 1979.

   ■ Lawrence, Denise. "Menstrual Politics: Women and Pigs in Rural Portugal." In T. Buckley and A. Gottlieb, eds., Blood Magic: The Anthropology of Menstruation, 117-36. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988.

   ■. "Suburbanization of House Form and Gender Relations in a Rural Portuguese Agro-Town." Architecture and Behavior 4, 3 (1988): 197-212.

   ■ Martins, Hermínio. "Portugal." In Margaret S. Archer and Salvador Giner, eds., Contemporary Europe: Class, Status and Power. New York: St. Martins, 1971.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Identificação de um país. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Merten, Peter. Anarchismüs und Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libera-tare Association, 1981.

   ■ Monteiro, Paulo. Terra que ja foi terra: Análise Sociológica de nove lugares agro-pastorais da Serra da Lousã. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Nataf, Daniel. "Social Cleavages and Regime Formation in Contemporary Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Political Science, UCLA, 1987.

   ■ Nazareth, J. Manuel. "Familia e Emigração em Portugal: Ensaio Exploratório." Economia e Socialismo 23 (1977): 31-50.

   ■ O'Neill, Brian Juan. "Dying and Inheriting in Rural Tras-os-Montes." Journal of the Anthropological Society of Oxford 14 (1983): 44-74.

   ■. Social Inequality in a Portuguese Hamlet: Land, Late Marriage, and Inheritance, 1870-1978. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

   ■ Pacheco, Helder. Tradições Populares de Portugal. Lisbon, 1985.

   ■ Pardoe, Julia. Traits and Traditions of Portugal, 2 vols. London, 1832.

   ■ Pereira Neto, João Baptista. "Social Evolution in Portugal since 1945." In Raymond S. Sayers, ed., Portugal and Brazil in Transition, 212-27. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1968.

   ■ Pina-Cabral, João de. Sons of Adam, Daughters of Eve: The Peasant World-View of the Alto Minho. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986.

   ■. "Sociocultural Differentiation and Regional Identity in Portugal." In

   ■ R. Herr and J. H. Polt, eds., Iberian Identity, 3-18. Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, 1989.

   ■ Poinard, Michel. La Retour des Traveilleurs Portugais. Paris: La Documentation Francaise, 1979.

   ■ Reed, Robert Roy. "Managing the Revolution: Revolutionary Promise and Political Reality in Rural Portugal." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, 1988.

   ■ Riegelhaupt, Joyce F. "In the Shadow of the City: Integration of a Portuguese Village" [São João das Lampas, nr, Cascais]. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, 1964.

   ■. "Saloio Women: An Analysis of Informal and Formal Political and Economic Roles of Portuguese Peasant Women." Anthropological Quarterly 40, 3 (July 1967): 109-26.

   ■. "Festas and Padres: The Organization of Religious Action in a Portuguese Parish." American Anthropologist 75 (1973): 835-52.

   ■. "Peasants and Politics in Salazar's Portugal: The Corporate State and Village 'Nonpolitics'" In L. S. Graham and H. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents, 167-90. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, Julieta E. S. de Almeida. "Continuity and Change in Urban Portuguese Women's Roles: Emerging New Household Structures." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Sociology, Columbia University, 1979.

   ■ Rowland, Robert. "Demographic Patterns and Rural Society in Portugal." So-ciologica Ruralis 26, 1 (1986): 36-47.

   ■ Sanchis, Pierre. Arraial. La Fête d'un Peuple: Les Pélerinages Populaires au Portugal. Paris, 1976.

   ■ Siegel, Bernard J. "Social Structure and Medical Practitioners in Rural Brazil and Portugal." Sociologia (São Paulo) 20, 4 (Oct. 1958): 463-76.

   ■. "Conflict, Parochialism and Social Differentiation in Portuguese Society." Journal of Conflict Resolution V, 1 (March 1961): 35-12.

   ■ Smith, T. Lynn. "The Social Relationships of Man to the Land in Portugal." Sociologia 25, 1 (Dec. 1963): 319-43.

   ■ Sousa Santos, Boaventura. "Estado e sociedade na semiperíferia do sistema mundiale: O caso português." Análise Social 87-89 (1985): 869-902.

   ■. "Social Crisis and the State." In Kenneth Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation, 167-95. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Vasconcellos, Joaquim Leite de. Ethnograia Portuguesa, 8 vols. Lisbon, 1941-82.

   ■. Tradições Populares Portugueses. New ed. Lisbon, 1986.

   ■ Willems, Emilio. "On Portuguese Family Structure." International Journal of Comparative Society (Dharwar, India) 3, 1 (Sept. 1962): 65-79.

   ■ ARTS, ARCHITECTURE, URBAN PLANNING, MUSIC

   ■ Almeida, Rodrigo Vicente de. História da Arte em Portugal: ( Segundo Estudo) Documentos lnéditos. Oporto, 1883. Almeida D'Eca, Admiral Vicente M. Castles of Portugal. Lisbon, 1925. Amaral, Francisco K. Lisboa: Uma Cidade em Transformação. Lisbon, 1969. Azevedo, Carlos de, and Chester Brummel. Churches of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1985.

   ■ Barreira, João, ed. Arte Portuguesa: As Decorativas, 2 vols. Lisbon, n.d.

   ■ Barretto, Mascarenhas, and George Dykes. Fado: Lyrical Origins and Poetical Motivation. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. London: Scala, 1987.

   ■ Branco, Luís de Freitas. A Música em Portugal. Lisbon, 1930.

   ■ Brito, Manuel Carlos de. Opera in Portugal in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

   ■ Carvalho, Pinto de. História de Fado. Lisbon, 1903 and 1982 eds.

   ■ Castro d'Aire, Teresa. O Fado. Lisbon: Temas da Actualidade, 1996.

   ■ Chicó, Mário Tavares. A Architectura Gótica em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. A Arte em Portugal No Século XIX. Lisbon, 1966.

   ■. Lisboa Pombalina e o Illuminismo, 2nd ed. Lisbon, 1977.

   ■. A Reconstrucão e a Arquitectura Pombalina. Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Gallop, Rodney. "The Fado (The Portuguese Song of Fate)." Musical Quarterly XIX (1933): 199-213.

   ■. Eight Portuguese Folksongs. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936.

   ■ Gil, Júlio. The Finest Churches in Portugal. Lisbon, 1988.

   ■. The Finest Castles in Portugal, 3rd ed. George F. W. Dykes, trans. Lisbon, 1996.

   ■ Gonçalves, Rui Mário. Pintura e escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura, 1984.

   ■. 100 Pintores Portugueses do século XX. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.

   ■ Kubler, George. Portuguese Plain Architecture: Between Spices and Diamonds, 1521-1706. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1972.

   ■. Studies in Ancient American and European Art: The Collected Essays of George Kubler. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985.

   ■, and Martin Soria. Art and Architecture in Spain and Portugal. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1959.

   ■ Lacerda, Aarão de. História da Arte em Portugal, 2 vols. Oporto, 1942-48.

   ■ Leão, Joaquim de Sousa. "Decorative Art: The Azulejo." In H. V. Livermore, ed. Portugal and Brazil: An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1953.

   ■ Lopes Graça, Fernando. A canção popular portuguesa. Lisbon, 1953.

   ■. A música portuguesa e os sus problemas: Ensaios. Lisbon, 1959.

   ■ Moita, Luís. O fado: canção de vencidos. Lisbon, 1936.

   ■ Neves, José Cassiano. The Palace and Gardens of Fronteira: Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Portuguese Style. Lisbon: Quetzal and Scala, 1995. North, C.T. Guia dos castelos antigos de Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon: Bertrand Ed., 2002.

   ■ Pacheco, Jose. Stuart Carvalhais. O desenho grafico e a imprensa. Lisbon: Biblioteca do Empresario, 2000. Pereira, Paulo, ed. Arte portuguesa. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1995. Picchio, Luciana Stegagno. Storia del Teatro Portoghese. Rome: Edizinio deli' Ateneo, 1964.

   ■ Queirós, José. Cerâmica Portuguesa, 2 vols. 2nd rev. ed. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Santos, Luís Reis. Monuments of Portugal. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■ Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1948-50.

   ■. História da Arte em Portugal. Oporto, 1953.

   ■ Sasportes, José. História da Dança em Portugal. Lisbon, 1970. Simões, J. M. dos Santos. "Azulejos in a Land of Many Colours." Connoisseur (London) CXXXVII, 551 (1956): 15-21.

   ■. Azulejaria em Portugal no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. A Talha em Portugal. Lisbon, 1963.

   ■. The Art of Portugal, 1500-1800. London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968.

   ■. "The Building of Mafra." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 360-67.

   ■ Stoop, Anne de. Demeures portugaises dans les environs de Lisbonne. Paris: Weber, 1986.

   ■. Palais et manoirs: Le Minho. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1995.

   ■ Tannock, Michael. Portuguese 20th Century Artists: A Biographical Dictionary. Chichester, U.K.: Phillimore, 1978.

   ■ Taylor, René. "The Architecture of Port Wine." The Architectural Review CXXIX, 772 (1961): 368-99.

   ■ Terol, Marylene. Azulejos a Lisbonne. Paris: Hervas, 1992.

   ■ Veiga de Oliveira, Ernesto. Instrumentos musicais populares portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Watson, Walter Crum. Portuguese Architecture. London: Constable, 1908. Wohl, Hellmut. "Carlos Mardel and His Lisbon Architecture." Apollo 97, 134 (April 1973): 350-59.

   ■ Sculpture and Ceramics

   ■ Andrade, Sergio de. "Presepios." In Dicionario de Arte Barroca em Portugal. Lisbon: Presenca, 1989. Barreira, Joao. Arte Portuguesa, Arquitectura e Escultura. Lisbon: Excelsior, n.d.

   ■ Cardoso, Arnaldo Pinto. O Presepio Barroco Portugues. Lisbon: Bertrand, 2003.

   ■ Chaves, Luis. Os Barristas Portugueses. Coimbra, 1925.

   ■. Natal Portugues. Oporto: Liv. Classica Editora, 1942.

   ■ Gargano, Pietro. Il Presepio. Otto Secoli di Storia, Arte, Tradizione. Milan: Fenice, 1995.

   ■ Lima, Henrique de Campos F. Joaquim Machado de Castro, Escultor Conimbricense. Coimbra: Instituto de Historia de Arte, 1989. Macedo, Diogo de. Presepios Portugueses. Lisbon: Artis, 1951.

   ■. Machado de Castro. Lisbon: Artis, 1958.

   ■ Morais, Heitor. Natal do Meu Coracao. Braga: Ed. A.O., 1991.

   ■ Pais, Alexandre Nobre. Presepios Portugueses Monumentos do Seculo XVIII em Terracotta, 2 vols. Master's thesis in history of art, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Queiros, Jose. Ceramica Portuguesa. Lisbon: Presenca, 1998. Santos, Reinaldo dos. A Escultura em Portugal. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1951. Serrao, Vitor. Historia da Arte em Portugal IV-O Barroco. Lisbon: Presenca, 2003.

   ■ Smith, Robert C. The Art Of Portugal 1500-1800. New York: Meredith Press, 1968.

   ■ Sousa, Ernesto de. Presepios. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1998.

   ■ Cinema

   ■ Antunes, Joao and Jose de Matos-Cruz, Cinema Portugues 1896-1998. Lisbon: Lusomundo, 1997.

   ■ Bandeira, Jose Gomes. Porto: 100 anos de cinema portugues. Oporto: Camara Municipal do Porto, 1996. Duarte, Fernando. Primitivos do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Cinecultura, 1960.

   ■ Faria de Almeida, M., Resumo da Historia do Cinema. Lisbon: RTP, 1982. Nobre, Roberto. Singularidades do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Portugalia, n.d.

   ■ Pina, Luis de. Aventura do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Vega, 1977.

   ■. Documentarismo Portugues. Lisbon: IPC, 1977.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Historia do Cinema Portugues. Mem Martins: Europa-America, 1986.

   ■ Ribeiro, Felix. O Cinema Portugues antes do Sonoro. Esboco Historiconema Portugues. Lisbon: Terra Livre, 1978.

   ■. Panorama do Cinema Portugues. Lisbon: n.d.

   ■ Children's Literature

   ■ Andresen, Sofia de Melo Breyner. A Fada Oriana. 9th ed. Lisbon: Figueiri-nhas, 1985.

   ■ Araújo, Matilde Rosa. A estrada fascinante. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1988. Barreto, Garcia. Literatura Para Crianças E Jovens Em Portugal. Oporto:

   ■ Campo Das Letras, 1998. Bastos, Glória. A escrita para crianças em Portugal no seculo XIX. Lisbon:

   ■ Caminho da Educaçao, 1997. Cadet, Maria Rita Chiappe. Os Contos da Mamã. Lisbon: Lallement Freres, 1883.

   ■ Castro, Fernanda. Mariazinha em Africa, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1947. Cross, Esther, and Wilbur Cross. Portugal. Chicago: Childrens Press, 1986. DeSkalon, Anna, and Christa Stadtler. We Live in Portugal. New York: Watts, 1987.

   ■ Gomes, Alice. A Nau Catrineta, 2nd ed. Lisbon: Portugália, 1973.

   ■. A literatura para a infância. Lisbon: Torres & Abreu, 1979.

   ■ Letria, José Jorge. Do sentimento mágico da vida. Lisbon: Escritor, 1994. Müller, Adolfo Simões. Historiazinha de Portugal, 6th ed. Oporto: Tavares Martins, 1983.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. Para as crianças. Illustr. by Leal da Câmara. Setúbal: Liv. Crianças, 1908.

   ■ Pires, Maria Laura Bettencourt. História da literatura infantil portuguesa. Lisbon: Vega, 1981. Ribeiro, Aquilino. Arca de Noé-III Classe. Lisbon, 1989. Rocha, Natércia. Breve História da Literatura para Crianças em Portugal. Lisbon: Instituto de Cultura e Língua Portuguesa, 1984.

   ■. Bibliografia geral da literatura portuguesa para crianças. Lisbon: Edit. Comunicação, 1987.

   ■ Sá, Domingos Guimarães de. A literatura infantil em Portugal. Braga: Edit. Franciscana, 1981.

   ■ Selfridge. John. Portugal. New York: Chelsea House, 1990. Vaz de Carvalho, Maria Amália. Contos para os Nossos Filhos, 11th ed. Oporto: Barreira, 1947.

   ■ Viana, António Manuel Couto. Jõao de Deus e um século de literatura infantil em Portugal. Lisbon: Ed. do Templo, 1978.

   ■ Lisbon, Capital City, in History and Literature

   ■ Castelo-Branco, Fernando. Lisboa Seiscentista, 3rd ed. Lisbon: 1969.

   ■ Castilho, Júlio de. Lisboa Antiga, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1935-45.

   ■ Couto, Dejanirah. Histoire de Lisbonne. Paris: Fayard, 2000.

   ■ Crespo, Ángel. Lisboa Mítica e Literária. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1987.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Lisboa Desaparecida. Lisbon: Quimera, 1990.

   ■ Dionísio, Sant'anna, ed. Guia de Portugal. Vol. I: Lisboa e Arredores. Lisbon: Biblioteca Nacional de Lisboa, 1924, orig. ed; reprint, Gulbenkian Foundation, 1979.

   ■ França, José-Augusto. Lisboa Pombalina e o Iluminismo. Lisbon: Bertrand, 1977.

   ■ Moita, Irisalva, ed. O Livro de Lisboa. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1994.

   ■ Neves, Orlando. Lisboa em Crónica. Lisbon: Author's Ed., 1968.

   ■ Pavão, Luís, and Mário Pereira. Tabernas de Lisboa. Lisbon: Assírio & Alvim, 1981.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Lisboa. O que o turista deve ver: What the Tourist Should See. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1997.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. À Capital. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1960.

   ■ Santos, Piedade Braga, et al. Lisboa Setecentista vista por Estrangeiros. Lisbon: Liv. Horizonte, 1996.

   ■ Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa. Lisbon: Caminho, 1993.

   ■ Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.

   ■ The Inquisition in History

   ■ Azevedo, João Lúcio. Historia das Cristãos-Novos. Lisbon: Liv. Clássica, 1975.

   ■ Baião, António. A Inquisição em Portugal e no Brasil: Subsídios para a sua história. Lisbon: Arquivo Histórico Portugues, 1906. Bethencourt, Francisco. "Portugal: A Scrupulous Inquisition," In Bengt Ankarloo and Gustav Henningsen, eds., Early Modern Witchcraft: Centres and Peripheries, 403-22. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990.

   ■. "Os equilíbrios sociais do Poder." In José Mattoso, ed., Historia De Portugal, Vol. 3, No Alvorecer Da Modernidade ( 1480-1620). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.

   ■. História das Inquisições: Portugal, Espanha e Itália. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1994.

   ■ Braga, Maria Luísa. A Inquisição em Portugal na primeira metade do Séc. XVIII. Lisbon: Inst. Nacional de Investigação Científica, 1992.

   ■ Haliczer, Stephen, ed. Inquisition and Society in Early Modern Europe. London: Croom Helm, 1987.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. Reprint. New York: AMS Press, 1968.

   ■ Magalhães, Joaquim Romero. "Em Busca dos Tempos da Inquisição (15731615)." Revista de História das Ideias 9 (1987): 191-228.

   ■ Mea, Elvira Cunha Azevedo. A Inquisição de Coimbra no Século XVI. Oporto, 1989.

   ■ Mendonça, José Lourenço D. de, and António Joaquim Moreira. História da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon: Círculo de Leitores, 1980.

   ■ Novinsky, Anita, and Luísa M. Carneiro, eds. Inquisição: Ensaios sobre Mentalidade, Heresias e Arte. Rio de Janeiro: Expressão e Cultura, 1992.

   ■ Pereira, Isais da Rosa. Documentos para a história da Inquisição em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Rego, Yvonne Cunha, ed. Feiticeiros, Profetas e Visionários: Textos Antigos Portugueses. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional e Casa da Moeda, 1981.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. Inquisição e cristãos-novos. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.

   ■ Walker, Timothy Dale. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of History, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Literature in English Translation: Selection

   ■ Alcaforado, Mariana. The Letters of a Portuguese Nun ( Mariana Alcaforado). Edgar Prestage, trans. London: D. Nutt, 1893.

   ■ Andrade, Eugénio de. "White on White." Alexis Levitin, trans. Quarterly Review of Literature. Poetry Series VIII. Vol. 27. Princeton, N.J., 1987.

   ■. Another Name for Earth; O outro nome da terra. Alexis Levitin, trans. Ft. Bragg, Calif.: QED Press, 1997.

   ■ Andresen, Sophia de Mello Breyner. Marine Rose: Selected Poems. Ruth Fain-light, trans. Redding Ridge, Conn.: Swan Books, 1989.

   ■ Antunes, António Lobo. South of Nowhere. Elizabeth Lowe, trans. New York: Random House, 1983.

   ■. Fado Alexandrino. Gregory Rabassa, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990.

   ■. An Explanation of the Birds. Richard Zenith, trans. New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1991.

   ■. Act of the Damned. New York: Grove Press, 1995.

   ■. The Natural Order of Things. New York: Grove Press, 2000.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. The Three Marias: New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. Poems from the Portuguese ( with the Portuguese text). A.

   ■ Bell, trans. Oxford: Blackwell, 1913.

   ■ Camões, Luís de. The Lusiads of Luís de Camões. Leonard Bacon, trans. New York: Hispanic Society of America, 1950.

   ■. The Lusiads. William C. Atkinson, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1952.

   ■. The Lusiads. Landeg White, trans. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

   ■ Castelo Branco, Camilo. Doomed Love ( A Family Memoir). Alice R. Clemente, trans Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1995. Castro, José Maria Ferreira de. Emigrants. Dorothy Ball, trans. New York: Macmillan, 1962.

   ■. Jungle. Charles Duff, trans. New York: Viking, 1935.

   ■. The Mission. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1963.

   ■ Dantas, Júlio. The Cardinals' Collation, 48th ed. A. Saintsbury, trans. London, 1962.

   ■ Dias de Melo. Dark Stones. Gregory McNab, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1996.

   ■ Dinis, Júlio. The Fidalgos of Casa Mourisca. Rosanna Dabney, trans. Boston: D. Lothrop, 1891.

   ■ Garrett, Almeida. Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.

   ■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.

   ■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.

   ■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.

   ■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.

   ■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.

   ■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. The Travels of Mendes Pinto [Orig. title: Peregrinação].

   ■ Rebecca D. Catz, trans., with introduction and notes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Miguéis, José Rodrigues. A Man Smiles at Death with Half a Face. George

   ■ Monteiro, trans. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1991.

   ■. Happy Easter. John Byrne, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■. Steerage and Ten Other Stories. George Monteiro, ed. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1998. Monteiro, Luís De Sttau. The Rules of the Game. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Hamilton, 1965.

   ■ Mourão-Ferreira, David. Lucky in Love. Christine Robinson, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1999. Namora, Fernando. Field of Fate. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1970.

   ■. Mountain Doctor. Dorothy Ball, trans. London: Macmillan, 1956.

   ■ Nemésio, Vitorino. Inclement Weather over the Channel. Francisco Cota Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1993.

   ■. Stormy Isles: An Azorean Tale. Francisco C. Fagundes, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 2000.

   ■ Paço D'Arcos, Joaquim. Memoirs of a Banknote. Robert Lyle, trans. London, 1968.

   ■ Pedroso, Consiglieri, comp. Portuguese Folk-Tales. Henriqueta Monteiro, trans. Reprint of orig. 1882 ed. New York: Benjamin Blom, 1969.

   ■ Pessoa, Fernando. Fernando Pessoa: Sixty Portuguese Poems. F. E. G. Quintanilha, ed. and trans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1971.

   ■. Selected Poems: Fernando Pessoa. 2nd rev. ed. Jonathan Griffin, trans. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1982.

   ■. The Book of Disquiet. Alfred MacAdams, trans. New York: Pantheon, 1991.

   ■. Fernando Pessoa: Selected Poems. Peter Rickard, ed. and trans. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1991.

   ■. "The Mariner: A 'Static Drama' in One Act." In Translation: Portugal.

   ■ George Ritchie, et al., trans. The Journal of Literary Translation. Vol. XXV, 38-56. New York: Translation Center, Columbia University, 1991.

   ■. Message: Bilingual Edition. Jonathan Griffin, trans. London: Menard Press and King's College, 1992.

   ■ Pires, José Cardoso. Ballad of a Dog's Beach. Mary Fitton, trans. London: J. M. Dent, 1986.

   ■ Queirós, José Maria Eça de. Cousin Bazilio. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1953.

   ■. The Relic. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1954.

   ■. The City and the Mountains. Roy Campbell, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1955.

   ■. The Sin of Father Amaro. Nan Flanagan, trans. London: Max Reinhardt, 1962.

   ■. The Maias. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1965.

   ■. The Illustrious House of Ramires. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■. Letters from England. Ann Stevens, trans. London: Bodley Head, 1970.

   ■. To the Capital. John Vetch, trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1995.

   ■ Quental, Antero de. Sixty-four Sonnets. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: David Nutt, 1894.

   ■ Redol, Alves. The Man with Seven Names. L. L. Barrett, trans. New York: Knopf, 1964.

   ■ Resende, André de. André deResende's 'Poema Latina'/ 'Latinpoems.' J. C. R. Martyn, ed. and trans. Lewiston N.Y.: Lampeter and Edwin Mellen, 1998. Ribeiro, Aquilino. When the Wolves Howl. Patricia McGowan Pinheiro, trans. New York: Macmillan; London: Cape, 1963. Sá Carneiro, Mário de. The Great Shadow ( and Other Stories). Margaret Jull Costa, trans. Sawtry, U.K.: Dedalus, 1996. Santareno, Bernardo. The Promise. Nelson H. Vieira, trans. Providence, R.I.: Gávea-Brown, 1981.

   ■ Saramago, José. Baltasar and Blimunda. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1987.

   ■. The Stone Raft. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1991.

   ■. The History of the Siege of Lisbon. Giovanni Pontiero, trans. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1996.

   ■. Blindness. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1999.

   ■. Tale of the Unknown Island. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2000.

   ■. All the Names. Margaret Jull Costa, trans. New York: Harcourt, 2000.

   ■. Journey to Portugal. New York: Harcourt Brace, 2001.

   ■ Sena, Jorge de. The Poetry of Jorge de Sena: A Bilingual Selection. Frederick G. Williams et al., trans. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Mudborn Press, 1980.

   ■. By the Rivers of Babylon and Other Stories. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1989.

   ■ Vicente, Gil. Four Plays of Gil Vicente: Edited from the Editio Princeps ( 1562). Aubrey F. G. Bell, ed. and trans. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1920.

   ■. Lyrics of Gil Vicente. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Hispanic Notes and Monographs, Portuguese Series 1, 1921.

   ■. The Play of Rubena. Jack E. Tomlins, trans.; Rene P. Garay and José I. Suarez, eds. New York: National Hispanic Foundation for Humanities, 1993.

   ■. The Boat Plays. David Johnston, trans. and adaptation. London: Oberon, 1996.

   ■. Three Discovery Plays. Anthony Lappin, trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1997.

   ■ Vieira, António. Dust Thou Art. Rev. W. Anderson, trans. London, 1882.

   ■ Portuguese and Portuguese-American Cooking: Cuisine

   ■ Anderson, Jean. Food of Portugal. New York: Hearst, 1994. Asselin, E. Donald. A Portuguese-American Cookbook. Rutland, Vt.: Charles E. Tuttle, 1966.

   ■ Bourne, Ursula. Portuguese Cookery. Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1973. Crato, Maria Helena Tavares. Cozinha Portuguesa I, II. Lisbon: Editorial Presença, 1978.

   ■ Dienhart, Miriam, and Anne Emerson, ed. Cooking in Portugal. Cascais: American Women of Lisbon, 1978.

   ■ Feibleman, Peter S. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. New York: Time-Life Books; Foods of the World, 1969.

   ■ Koehler, Margaret H. Recipes from the Portuguese of Provincetown. Riverside, Conn.: Chatham Press, 1973. Manjny, Maite. The Home Book of Portuguese Cookery. London: Faber & Faber, 1974.

   ■ Marques, Susan Lowndes. Good Food from Spain and Portugal. London: Muller, 1956.

   ■ Modesto, Maria de Lourdes. Cozinha Tradicional Portuguesa. Lisbon: Verbo, 1982.

   ■ Ortiz, Elisabeth Lambert. The Food of Spain and Portugal. The Complete Iberian Cuisine. New York: Atheneum, 1989. Pinto, Elvira. La Bonne Cuisine Portugaise. Paris: Edicions Garanciere, 1985.

   ■ Robertson, Carol. Portuguese Cooking: The Authentic and Robust Cuisine of Portugal. Berkeley Calif.: North Atlantic, 1993. Schmaeling, Tony. The Cooking of Spain and Portugal. Ware, U.K.: Omega, 1983.

   ■ Vieira, Édite. The Taste of Portugal. London: Robinson, 1989.

   ■ Von Treskow, Maria. Zü Gast in Portugal: Eine Kulnarische Reise in Garten Europas. Weingarten: Kunstverlag, 1989. Wright, Carol. Portuguese Food. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■. Self-catering in Portugal: Making the Most of Local Food and Drink. London: Croom Helm, 1986.

   ■ Gardens and Gardening of Portugal and Madeira

   ■ Afonso, Simonetta Luz, and Angela Delaforce. Palace of Queluz— The Gardens. Lisbon, 1989.

   ■ Araújo, Iluídio Alves de. Arte Paisagista e Arte das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1962.

   ■ Azeredo, Francisco de. Casas Senhoriais Portuguesas. Barcelos, 1986.

   ■ Binney, Marcus. Country Manors of Portugal. New York: Scala Books, 1987.

   ■ Bowe, Patrick, and Nicolas Sapieha. Gardens of Portugal. New York: Scala Books and Harper and Row, 1989.

   ■ Cane, Florence du. The Flowers and Gardens of Madeira. London, 1924.

   ■ Cardoso, Pedro Homem, and Helder Carita. Da Grandeza das Jardins em Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Carita, Helder, and Homem Cardoso. Portuguese Gardens. London: Antique Collector's Club, 1987.

   ■ Costa, António da, and Luís de O. Franquinho. Madeira: Plantas e Floras. Funchal, 1986.

   ■ Nichols, Rose Standish. Spanish and Portuguese Gardens. Boston, 1926.

   ■ Pereira, Arthur D. Sintra and Its Farm Manors. Sintra, 1983.

   ■ Sampaio, Gonçalo. Flora Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1945.

   ■ Underwood, John, and Pat Underwood. Landscapes of Madeira. London, 1980.

   ■ Vieira, Rui. Flowers of Madeira. Funchal, 1973.

   ■ Viterbo, Francisco Marques de Sousa. A Jardinagem em Portugal, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1906-9.

   ■ Education, Science, Health, and Medical History

   ■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Estudos de História, 3 vols. Coimbra, 1973-81.

   ■. Ciência e experiência nos Descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. Para a História de Ciência em Portugal. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■. As Navegaçoes E A Sua Projecção Na Ciência E Na Cultura. Lisbon, 1987.

   ■ Baião, Antônio. Episódios Dramáticos da Inquisição Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1936-55.

   ■ Cabreira, Antônio. Portugal nos mares e nas ciências. Lisbon, 1929. Carvalho, Rômulo de. A Astronomia em Portugal (séc. xviii). Lisbon, 1985. Fernandes, Barahona. Egas Moniz: Pioneiro de descobrimentos médicos. Lisbon, 1983.

   ■ Gaitonde, P. D. Portuguese Pioneers in India: Spotlight on Medicine. London: Sangam Books, 1983.

   ■ Hanson, Carl A. "Portuguese Cosmology in the Late Seventeenth Century." In Benjamin F. Taggie and Richard W. Clement, eds., Iberia & the Mediterranean, 75-85. Warrensburg: Central Missouri State University, 1989.

   ■ Higgins, Michael H., and Charles F. S. de Winton. Survey of Education in Portugal. London, 1942.

   ■ Hirsch, Elizabeth Feist. Damião de Góis: The Life and Thought of a Portuguese Humanist. The Hague, 1967.

   ■ Lemos, Maximiano. Arquivos de História da Medicina Portuguesa. Several vols. Lisbon, 1886-1923. Vol. I. História da Medicina em Portugal. Doutrina e Instituições. Lisbon, 1899.

   ■ Mira, Matias Ferreira de. História da Medicina Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ Orta, Garcia de. Colóquios dos Simples e Drogas e Cousas Medicinais da India. Conde de Ficalho, ed., 2 vols. Lisbon, 1891-95.

   ■ Osório, J. Pereira. História e Desenvolvimento da Ciência em Portugal, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986-89.

   ■ Pina, Luís de. "Uma prioridade portuguesa do século XVI. João de Barros e a Dactiloscópia Oriental." Arquivo da Repartição de Antropologia Criminal IV (1936).

   ■. "As Ciências na História do Império Colonial Português — Séculos XV a XIX." Anais de Faculdade de Ciências do Porto ( 1939-10).

   ■. "Os Portugueses Mestres de Ciência e Metras no Estrangeiro." Actas do Congresso do Mundo Português. Lisbon, 1940.

   ■. "A Ciência em Portugal (bosquejo Histórico)." In Secretariado Nacional da Informação, ed., Portugal: Breviário Da Pátria Para Os Portugueses Ausentes, 277-301. Lisbon, 1946.

   ■ Richards, Robert A. C., ed. Guide to World Science: Vol. 9: Spain and Portugal, 2nd ed. Guernsey, U.K.: F. H. Books, 1974.

   ■ Saraiva, António José. História da Cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-62.

   ■ ———. "João de Barros." In Serrao, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal 1 (1963): 307-8.

   ■ Silvestre Ribeiro, José. História dos Establecimentos Scientíficos, Literários e Artísticos de Portugal nos Successivos Reinados da Monarchia, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1871-83.

   ■ Veiga-Pires, J. A., and Ronald G. Grainger, eds. Pioneers in Angiography: The Portuguese School ofAngiography. Lancaster, U.K.: MTP Press, 1982.

   ■ Walker, Timothy. "Doctors, Folk Medicine and the Inquisition: The Repression of Popular Healing in Portugal during the Enlightenment Era." Ph.D. dissertation, History Department, Boston University, 2001.

   ■ Feminism and Women's Studies

   ■ Barbosa, Madelena. "Women in Portugal." Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (1981): 477-80.

   ■ Barreno, Maria Isabel, Maria Teresa Horta, and Maria Velho da Costa. Novas Cartas Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1972.

   ■ ———. The Three Marias. New Portuguese Letters. Helen R. Lane, trans. New York: Doubleday, 1975.

   ■ Brettell, Caroline B. We Have Already Cried Many Tears: The Stories of Three Portuguese Migrant Women. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1982.

   ■ Ferreira, Virginia. "Engendering Portugal: Social Change, State Politics, and Women's Social Mobilization." In António Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 162-88. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.

   ■ Goodwin, Mary. "Portuguese Feminism." Portuguese Studies Newsletter 17 (Spring-Summer 1987): 12-13.

   ■ Lamas, Maria. As Mulheres do Meu País. Lisbon, 1948.

   ■ "Mulheres Portuguesas e Feminismo." Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.

   ■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.

   ■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.

   ■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Religion and Catholic Church

   ■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.

   ■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.

   ■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.

   ■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.

   ■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.

   ■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.

   ■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.

   ■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.

   ■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.

   ■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.

   ■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.

   ■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.

   ■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.

   ■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.

   ■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing

   ■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.

   ■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.

   ■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.

   ■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.

   ■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.

   ■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.

   ■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.

   ■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.

   ■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.

   ■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.

   ■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.

   ■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.

   ■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.

   ■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.

   ■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.

   ■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.

   ■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.

   ■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.

   ■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.

   ■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.

   ■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.

   ■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.

   ■ Moreira da Fonseca, A. Port Wine: Notes on Its History, Production and Technology. Oporto, 1981.

   ■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.

   ■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.

   ■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.

   ■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.

   ■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.

   ■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.

   ■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.

   ■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.

   ■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.

   ■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.

   ■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.

   ■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.

   ■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.

   ■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.

   ■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.

   ■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT

   ■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.

   ■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.

   ■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.

   ■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.

   ■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.

   ■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.

   ■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.

   ■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.

   ■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.

   ■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.

   ■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).

   ■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.

   ■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.

   ■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.

   ■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.

   ■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.

   ■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.

   ■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.

   ■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.

   ■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].

   ■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.

   ■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.

   ■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.

   ■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.

   ■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.

   ■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.

   ■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.

   ■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.

   ■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.

   ■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.

   ■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.

   ■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.

   ■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL

   ■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.

   ■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.

   ■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.

   ■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.

   ■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.

   ■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.

   ■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.

   ■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.

   ■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.

   ■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.

   ■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.

   ■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.

   ■ EQUESTRIANISM

   ■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.

   ■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.

   ■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.

   ■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.

   ■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,

   ■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.

   ■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.com

Historical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
8 call

1. I
abs

1) 1 heard smb. calling я слышал, что кто-то звал /кричал/; did you hear me call? вы слышали, как я звал?; obey when duty calls подчиняться требованию долга /, когда призывает долг/; [this is] London calling говорит Лондон

2) did anybody call? кто-нибудь приходил /был/?; he was out when I called его не было [дома], когда я заходил
2. II
call at some time call often (seldom, again, etc.) заходить /наведываться/ часто и т. д.; I'll call tomorrow я забегу завтра; has the laundry called yet? из прачечной уже приезжали?; very few neighbours have called yet нас пока навестили еще очень немногие соседи; call somewhere call there заходить туда; all sorts of people call here сюда заходят всякие люди
3. III
1) call smb., smth. call a dog (the boys, etc.) звать /окликать, подзывать/ собаку и т. д.; I called him but he didn't hear me я крикнул ему, но он меня не услышал; your mother is calling you тебя зовет мать; call a doctor (a witness, the police, a taxi, etc.) вызывать врача и т. д., call smb.'s name окликать кого-л. по имени, выкрикивать чье-л. имя; call a register делать перекличку; call a meeting созывать собрание; call a strike объявлять забастовку

2) call smb., smth. usually in the interrogative what are you going to call the baby? как вы собираетесь назвать ребенка?; what do you call this flower? как называется этот цветок?; I don't know what to call it не знаю, как это назвать

3) call smb. will you call me or shall I call you? вы мне позвоните или я вам?
4. IV
1) call smb. in some manner call smb. persistently (urgently, frantically, etc.) настоятельно и т. д. звать кого-л.; call smb. together созывать кого-л.; call smb. somewhere call smb. aside отзывать кого-л. в сторону; call smb. down попросить кого-л. сойти вниз; call smb. in

приглашать кого-л. войти; call the children in позовите детей домой /в дом/; call smb. at some time he asked to call him early он просил разбудить его рано

2) call smb. at some time please call me tomorrow пожалуйста, позвоните мне завтра [по телефону]
5. V
1) call smb. smth., smb. call smb. a taxi (a cab, a doctor, etc.) вызывать кому-л. /для кого-л./ такси и т. д.

2) call smb. smth., smb. call the baby Mary (the dog Rex, etc.) называть ребенка [именем] Мэри и т. д.; his name is Richard but we all call him Dick его имя Ричард, но мы все зовем его Диком; call smb. a liar (a fool, a rogue, a child, everything under the sun, a miser, an ass, etc.) называть /обзывать/ кого-л. лжецом и т. д.).

3) call smth. smb., smth. call it a swindle (that a low-down trick, her a slut, that a shame, this a very good house, etc.) считать /называть/ это мошенничеством и т. д.; do you call English an easy language? вы считаете /можете назвать/ английский язык легким?; I call that show a success по-моему, спектакль имел успех; this is what I call real coffee вот это я называю настоящим кофе
6. VI
call smth. as possessing some quality call smth. fair (dishonest, mean, nice, etc.) считать что-л. справедливым и т. д.; I don't call this cheap я не нахожу, что это дешево
7. VII
call smb. to do smth. call the police to stop the fight (him to witness the event, etc.) позвать полицию, чтобы прекратить драку и т. д., call smth. to do smth. he called her name to see if she was at home он позвал ее по имени, чтобы проверить, дома ли она /чтобы убедиться, что она дома/
8. XI
1) be called in some manner the singer was called three times певца вызывали три раза; be called somewhere be called to the manager (before the judge, before the committee, to the Ministry, etc.) быть вызванным к управляющему и т. д.; I was called home on urgent business меня вызвали домой по срочному делу; the ambassador was called home посол был отозван; be called to smth. his attention was called to the dangerous state of the building ему указали /его внимание обратили/ на аварийное состояние здания; the meeting was called to order by the chairman председатель призвал собрание к порядку; be called for some time the meeting was called for Monday собрание было назначено на понедельник be called into being быть вызванным к жизни, возникнуть; the plant was called into being by war requirements этот завод появился в ответ на требования военного времени

2) be called smth. be called John (Магу, etc.) зваться Джоном и т. д.; what is it called? как это называется?; the book is called "The Gadfly" книга называется "Овод"; be called after smb. fin smb.'s honour/ be called after smb.'s mother (after smb.'s uncle, etc.) быть названным в честь матери и т. д.

3) be called smb., smth. be called the best writer of the period (a scholar, an outstanding scientist, a marvel, the most beautiful city, etc.) считаться /слыть/ лучшим писателем своего времени и т. д.; Chaucer is called the Father of English Poetry Чосера называют отцом английской поэзии

4) be called (up)on [by smb.]' I don't like to be called on before 11 a. m. я не люблю, когда ко мне приходят до одиннадцати утра; we were called on by the neighbours нас навестили /к нам зашли/ соседи; be called for the letter (the parcel, books, etc.) will be called for за письмом и т. д. придут /зайдут/; this envelope is to be left till called for конверт лежит /остается/ здесь, пока за ним не придут

5) be called for strong measures (drastic steps, etc.) are called for необходимы /нужны, требуются/ решительные меры и т. д.; you must take such steps as seem to be called for вы должны предпринять необходимые шаги; an explanation is called for a данном случае не обойтись без объяснений; no excuses are called for объяснений не требуется; if a second edition is called for если возникнет необходимость во втором издании; be called (up)on to do smth. be called upon to speak (to do so many things, to take part in it, etc.) оказаться вынужденным выступить и т. д.; my friend was called upon to make a report моего друга попросили выступить с отчетом /с докладом/; he felt called upon to speak он счел себя не в праве промолчать; I was never called on to play мне ни разу не пришлось играть; I feel called upon to warn you я чувствую себя обязанным предупредить вас
9. XIII
call to do smth. I called to see how you were (to see you, to know whether you wanted anything, etc.) я заходил, чтобы узнать, как вы поживаете и т. д.', а man has called to read the electric power meter приходил какой-то человек снять показания счетчика
10. XVI
1) call for smth., smb. call for a taxi (for a cab, etc.) позвать /остановить/ такси и т. д., call for help звать на помощь; call for smb. звать кого-л.; call to smb. I called to him but he appeared not to hear я его окликнул, но он, казалось, не слышал; call to smb. to do smth. /for smth./ he called to me to help /for help/ он позвал меня на помощь; call to smth. the trumpet called to battle труба звала в бой; call from some place call from the roof (from downstairs, from upstairs, etc.) кричать с крыши и т. д.; call across smth. call across a river (across the street, across the hall, etc.) звать /кричать/ с того берега реки и т. д.', call upon smb. I now call upon Mr. Smith я предоставляю слово господину Смиту, слово имеет господин Смит

2) call at some place call at smb.'s house (at the hotel, at an office, at a shop, at the library, etc.) заходить к кому-л. домой и т. д.;I will call at the post office on my way home я зайду на почту по дороге домой; the train calls at every station поезд останавливается на каждой станции; the boat calls at intermediate ports пароход заходит в промежуточные порты; call (up)on smb. call on a friend (on us, on him without an invitation, on her with a letter of introduction, etc.) заходить к другу /приятелю/ и т. д.', I shall call on him personally я сам к нему загляну; they are not people one can call upon они не такие люди, к которым можно зайти запросто; we must call on our new neighbour нам надо навестить нашего нового соседа; call at some time call at noon (at three o'clock, etc.) заходить в полдень и т. д.; call for some time call for a moment (for a minute, etc.) зайти / заскочить/ на минутку и т. д.; call for smth., smb. call for the parcel (for one's pipe, for her, etc.) заходить за посылкой и т. д., call for orders явиться за указаниями; he called for me with a car он заехал за мной на машине; I'll call for you at your house я заеду или зайду за вами домой

3) callf rom some place call from a pay booth (from a pay station, from Leningrad, etc.) (по-)звонить [по телефону] из автомата и т. д.

4) call on smb. I hope we shall not have to call on you я надеюсь, нам не придется прибегать к вашим услугам, обращаться к вам [за помощью]; call ( up)on smth. call on smb.'s help (on smb.'s services, etc.) прибегать к чьей-л. помощи и т. д.; call on smb.'s knowledge (on smb.'s skill, etc.) использовать чьи-л. звания и т.д., I had to call upon all my strength мне пришлось напрячь все силы; call on smb. for smth. call on you for help (on him for a hundred pounds, on her for an explanation, etc.) обращаться к вам за помощью и т. д., call on him for a speech просить его выступить; call (up)on smb. to do smth. call upon us to help / (up)on us to give assistance/ (upon them to defend the country, upon the rebels to surrender, etc.) взывать к нам о помощи и т. д.; you must call on him to apologize вы должны потребовать, чтобы он извинился; the teacher called on him to answer учитель вызвал его отвечать

5) call for smth. call for a discussion (for a three-power conference, for an increase of salary, for reduction of prices, etc.) выступать с требованием провести дискуссию /обсуждение/ и т. д.; call for drastic measures (for prompt action, for immediate solution, for a cool head, etc.) требовать решительных мер и т. д.; the situation calls for tact and patience в такой ситуации необходимы такт и терпение /нужно вооружиться тактом и терпением/; the results of the experiment called for a discussion было необходимо обсудить результаты опыта
11. XVIII
call oneself smb., smth. call oneself a colonel (a philosopher, a scholar, etc.) называть себя полковником и т.д., назваться полковником и т. д.
12. XXI1
1) call smb. (in)to smth. call the children into the house (the messenger into the office, the girl (in)to the garden, etc.) звать детей в дом и т. д.; will you call the family to dinner? будьте добры позвать всех обедать; they called him to the Ministry его вызвали в министерство; call smth. smb. for smb. call a taxi for me (a doctor for him, etc.) вызовите мне такси и т.д., would you call the porter for me? будьте добры, позовите мне носильщика; call smb. by smth. call him by wireless (her by a letter, etc.) вызвать его телеграммой и т. д., call smb. at some time call smb. at six o'clock (early in the morning, etc.) (разбудить кого-л. в шесть часов и т. д.; call smth. for fame time call a meeting for August (the session for three o'clock, etc.) созывать /назначать/ собрание на август и т. д.

2) call smth., smb. to smth. call the meeting to order (the class to order, etc.) призывать собрание к порядку и т. д.; three times during the lesson the teacher had to call one of the pupils to attention три раза за время урока преподавателю пришлось обратиться к ученику /окликнуть ученика/, чтобы он не отвлекался; call smb. to account призвать кого-л. к ответу; call smth., smb. to mind вспоминать что-л., кого-л.; I can't call this scene to mind я не могу вспомнить эту сцену; call smb.'s attention to the picture (to the unusual man, etc.) обращать чье-л. внимание на картину и т.д., please call attention to any errors that you find просьба сообщать о всех замеченных ошибках; she tried not to call attention to herself она старалась не привлекать к себе внимания

3) || call smth. into being /into existence/ создать что-л., вызвать /пробудить/ что-л. к жизни; better living conditions called into being new and wider Interest вследствие улучшения условий жизни возникли / появились/ новые, более широкие интересы

4) call smb. by some name call the child by the name of Paul (him by his brother's name, etc.) назвать ребенка именем Поль /Полем/ и т. д.; don't call me by my first name не называйте меня no имени; call smb., smth. after smb., smth. call the child after his father (the town after the first settler, etc.) называть ребенка именем /в честь/ отца и т. д.; call smth. in some language what do you call this in Russian? как это называется по-русски? id call things by their true /proper/ names называть вещи своими именами

5) call smb. from somewhere call smb. from London (from out of town, etc.) (позвонить кому-л. из Лондона и т. д.; I am calling from a pay station я звоню) с переговорной || call smb. on the telephone позвонить кому-л. по телефону
13. XXVI
1) call smth. what... you can call it what you like можете называть это, как хотите

2) call smb. when... (if..., etc.) call me when you arrive (if he comes, etc.) позвоните мне, когда приедете и т. д.
14. XXVII2
1) call on smb. while... (when..., etc.) someone called on you while /when/ you were out кто-то приходил к вам, пока вас не было

2) call on smb. whenever (if..., etc.) whenever (if) you need help, feel free to call on me когда бы вам ни понадобилась помощь ( если вам понадобится помощь), не стесняйтесь обратиться ко мне

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > call
9 read

1. I
abs

1) learn (teach smb.) to read учиться (научить кого-л.) читать; be (un)able to read (не) уметь читать; he can neither read nor write он не умеет ни читать, ни писать; I've no time (I haven't enough time) to read /for reading/ у меня нет (достаточно) времени, чтобы читать /для чтения/; I've finished reading я дочитал; did he speak extempore or read? он говорил [без подготовки] или читал?

2) what does the thermometer (speedometer, etc.) read ? что показывает термометр и т.д.?, какая температура и т.д.?
2. II
1) read i n some manner read slowly (fluently, softly, intelligibly, indistinctly, monotonously, etc.) читать медленно и т.д.; read aloud out loud/ (просчитать вслух; read word by word читать слово за словом; read at sight читать с листа; read for some time read all day long читать весь, день напролет; she's learning to read now сейчас она учится читать; read far into the night читать /зачитываться/ далека за полночь

2) read in some manner the sentence (the passage, etc.) reads oddly /queerly/ это предложение и т.д. странно звучит; the play does not read well эта пьеса при чтении не производит впечатления; the play reads hatter than it acts пьеса читается лучше, чем звучит со сцены; the passage reads thus вот, что гласит этот отрывок; read at some time how does the sentence read now? как теперь звучит /сформулировано/ это предложение?

3) read in some manner you must read harder [next term] вам надо больше заниматься [в будущем /следующем/ семестре]
3. III
read smth.

1) read a letter (a book, a newspaper, a manuscript, poetry, Shakespeare, etc.) читать письмо и т.д.; read English (German, etc.) читать по-английски и т.д.; he can read several languages он умеет читать на нескольких языках; on the ring one can read these words... на кольце можно прочитать такие слова...; read a will зачитывать завещание; read proofs print. читать /держать, править/ корректуру

2) read a lecture (a report, a paper, a sermon, etc.) читать лекцию и т.д.

3) the clause reads both ways статьи можно понимать /толковать/ двояко; а rule that reads two different ways правило, которое можно понимать и так, и этак; for "fail", a misprint, read "fall" вкралась опечатка: вместо "fail" читайте "fall"

4) read hieroglyphs (Chinese characters, the clock, etc.) разбирать /расшифровывать/ иероглифы и т.д.; read the Morse system знать азбуку Морзе; read a map читать карту; read a piece of music разобрать музыкальную пьесу; а motorist must be able to read traffic signs автомобилист должен уметь разбираться в дорожных знаках; read a riddle разгадать загадку; read dreams толковать /разгадывать/ сны; read smb.'s fortune предсказывать кому-л. судьбу; read smb.'s thought читать чьи-л. мысли; read men's hearts читать в людских сердцах

5) the thermometer reads 33° термометр показывает 33; the thermometer reads 70 degrees above freezing point термометр показывает семьдесят градусов выше точки замерзания

6) read a thermometer (a barometer, an electric meter, etc.) снимать показания термометра и т.д.; read smb.'s blood pressure измерять кому-л. кровяное давление; read an angle topog. измерить угол

7) read history (physics, etc.) изучать историю и т.д.
4. IV
1) read smth. in some manner read smth. silently (easily, clearly, aloud, etc.) читать что-л. молча и т.д., read smth. over and over снова и снова перечитывать что-л.; read it out loud прочтите это вслух; he cannot read English or German fluently он не умеет бегло читать ни по-английски, ни по-немецки; she reads poetry very well она очень хорошо читает стихи; read smth. at some time I like to read books at night я люблю читать книги ночью; have you read your mail yet? вы уже прочитали свою почту?; few read this author nowadays в наши дни немногие читают этого писателя

2) read smth. at some time can the child read the clock yet? ребенок умеет уже узнавать время по часам? || read music at sight читать ноты с листа

3) read smth. in some manner I read it differently я это не так понимаю
5. V
read smb. smth.

1) read smb. a letter (a story, etc.) (просчитать кому-л. письмо и т.д.

2) read smb. a lesson (a [severe] lecture) прочитать кому-л. нотацию (сделать [суровое] внушение)
6. VI
read smth. in some state few will read it dry-eyed немногие прочтут это, не прослезившись
7. XI
1) be read the boy had been read the story of Cinderella мальчику прочли сказку о Золушке; be read to for some time the invalid is read to for several hours daily больному каждый день читают вслух по нескольку часов; be read by smb. this is largely read by young men эту книгу больше всего читает молодежь

2) be read after the will had been read после оглашения завещания; read and aproved заслушано и одобрено (о протоколе, плане и т.п.)

3) be read in some manner clause that may be read several ways статья, допускающая несколько толкований; his letters have to be read between the lines его письма следует читать между строк; be read as smth. my silence is not to be read as consent мое молчание нельзя считать согласием /принимать за согласие/
8. XVI
1) read about /of /smth., smb. read about a disaster (of smb.'s death, of heroes of other days, of his success, etc.) (про)читать о катастрофе и т.д.; I've just been reading about it я как раз об этом только что читал; read from /out of /smth., smb. read from /out of/ a book a) вычитать [что-л.] в книге; б) процитировать что-л. из книги; read from Shakespeare читать из [произведений] Шекспира; read to smb. read to the children читать детям; read to oneself читать про себя; read before smb. read before the class читать перед классом /всему классу/; read at (by) smth. read at meals (at night, etc.) читать за едой и т.д., read by turns читать по очереди || read between the lines читать между строк; read in some place read in bed (in trains, etc.) читать в постели и т.д., read in a certain voice read in a low (in a firm, in a sure, in a clear, etc.) voice читать тихим и т.д. голосом; read with (without) smth. read with [much] enthusiasm (with expression, with poetical rapture, etc.) читать с [большим] энтузиазмом и т.д., read with the lips читать [шевели] губами; the blind read with their fingers слепые читают с помощью пальцев; read without expression читать без [всякого] выражения; read without glasses /spectacles/ читать без очков; read for smth. read for amusement and relaxation читать для развлечения и отдыха; read in smth. read in smb.'s eyes (in smb.'s heart, in smb.'s face, etc.) читать в чьих-л. глазах и т.д.; read in some language read in some foreign language (in Spanish, in Turkish, etc.) читать на каком-л. иностранном языке и т.д.

2) read to (in) smth. this ticket reads to Boston в билете сказано "до Бостона"; how does this passage read in the original (in translation)? как звучит этот отрывок в оригинале (в переводе)?

3) read for smth. read for an examination (for a degree, for honours, etc.) готовиться к экзамену и т.д.; read for the law учиться на юридическом факультете; read for the Bar готовиться к адвокатуре; read (up)on smth. read (up)on a subject готовиться [к экзамену] по какому-л. предмету
9. XVIII
read oneself into some state read oneself hoarse (stupid, blind, etc.) дочитаться до хрипоты и т.д.
10. XIX1
read like smth. the book reads like a translation (like a novel, like a wild dream, like a threat, like a lie, etc.) книга читается /воспринимается/ как перевод и т.д.; this does not read like a child's composition когда читаешь это сочинение, то не возникает /не создается/ впечатления, что оно написано ребенком; the autobiography reads like a novel эту автобиографию читаешь, как роман
11. XX3
|| the document (the letter, etc.) reads as follows... документ и т.д. гласит следующее...; the passage quoted (the telegram, etc.) reads as follows... в цитате и т.д. говорится, что...
12. XXI1
1) read smth. to smb. read a story to the children (a letter to one's brother, etc.) (про)читать детям рассказ и т.д.; read the letter to yourself прочтите письмо про себя; read smth., smb. in smth. read smth. in the newspaper (in a book, etc.) (про)читать что-л. в газете и т.д.; read an author in the original читать какого-л. автора в оригинале; read smth. with (without) smth. read English poetry with interest (with intelligence, with appreciation, with expression, etc.) читать английскую поэзию с интересом и т.д.; I can't see to read the name without a light без света я не могу прочитать фамилию; read smth. by (in) a certain light read smth. by candle-light (by noonlight, in twilight, etc.) читать что-л. при свече и т.д.; read smb. to some state read smb. (oneself) to sleep усыпить кого-л. (себя) чтением

2) read smth. to smb. read a report to the meeting a) огласить отчет на заседании; б) сделать доклад на собрании; read a sermon to smb. прочесть кому-л. нотацию, давать кому-л. наставления

3) read smth. by smth. read a telegram by code расшифровать /прочитать/ телеграмму с помощью кода; read smth. in smth. read smb.'s thoughts (smb.'s open nature, etc.) in his eyes (in his countenance, etc.) читать чьи-л. мысли и т.д. по глазам и т.д.; you can read a person's character in his face по лицу можно определить характер человека; read smb.'s future in tea-leaves = гадать кому-л. на кофейной гуще; read smth. instead of smth. read "of" instead of "for" print. вместо "for" следует читать "of" || read smth. between the lines читать между строк; I could read jealousy between the lines между строк явно проглядывала ревность [, водившая пером автора]; read smth. into smth. видеть что-л. в чем-л.; read sarcasm into a letter усмотреть в письме насмешку; you read too much into the text вы вычитали из текста то, чего в нем нет; we sometimes read our own thoughts into a poet's words мы иногда вкладываем свой собственный смысл в слова поэта; read a compliment into what was meant as a rebuke истолковать как комплимент то, что должно было быть /звучать/ упреком

4) read smth. at smth. he's reading physics at Cambridge он в Кембридже изучает физику
13. XXIII1 |
|| read smb. like a book прекрасно понимать кого-л., видеть кого-л. насквозь
14. XXIV1
read smth. as smth. read silence as consent (the dark and cloudy sky as the threat of a storm, etc.) рассматривать /считать, толковать/ молчание как согласие и т.д.
15. XXV
1) read when... (that...) he was reading when I called он читал, когда я позвонил; I've read somewhere that it's not true (that revenge is wild justice, etc.) я где-то читал /прочел/, что это неправда и т.д.

2) read that... the paragraph reads to the effect that all men are equal в этом абзаце говорится /провозглашается/, что все люди равны

English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > read
10 Private

1. adjective
1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]

a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat

have a private education — auf eine Privatschule gehen

2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]

‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’

for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch

3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]

4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich

have a private word with somebody — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört

6) (not in public office)

private citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
2. noun
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat

2)

in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen

speak to somebody in private — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

3) in pl. (coll.): (genitals) Geschlechtsteile Pl.

* * *
1. adjective
1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) privat

2) (having no public or official position or rank: It is your duty as a private citizen to report this matter to the police.) Privat-...
2. noun
(in the army, an ordinary soldier, not an officer.) gewöhnlicher Soldat

- academic.ru/58044/privacy">privacy
- privately
- private enterprise
- private means
- in private
* * *

pri·vate

[ˈpraɪvɪt, AM -vət]

I. adj

1. inv (personal) privat, Privat-

\private initiative/life Privatinitiative f/-leben nt

\private joke Insiderwitz m fam

to speak in some \private language in seiner eigenen Sprache reden

sb's \private opinion jds persönliche Meinung

\private papers persönliche Papiere

2. (not open to public) privat, Privat-; discussion, meeting nicht öffentlich

\private beach/club/collection Privatstrand m/-klub m/-sammlung f

\private function Privatveranstaltung f, private Feier

\private funeral Beerdigung f in aller Stille

\private land Privatgrund m

\private wedding ceremony Hochzeitsfeier f im engsten Familienkreis

3. (confidential) vertraulich

to keep sth \private etw für sich akk behalten

4. (not social) zurückhaltend, introvertiert

to be a very \private sort of person ein sehr verschlossener [o in sich akk gekehrter] Mensch sein

5. (secluded) abgelegen; (undisturbed) ungestört

6. inv (not governmental) privat, Privat-

\private business Privatwirtschaft f

\private financing Privatfinanzierung f

\private funds private Gelder

\private hospital Privatklinik f

7. (not as official)

as a \private person als Privatperson

II. n

1. no pl (not in public)

▪ in \private privat, im Privatleben; LAW unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit

to speak [or talk] to sb in \private jdn [o mit jdm] unter vier Augen sprechen

2. ( fam: genitals)

▪ \privates pl Geschlechtsteile pl

3. (soldier) Gefreiter m, einfacher Soldat

* * *
['praIvɪt]
1. adj

1) privat; (= personal) letter, reasons persönlich, privat; (= confidential) matter, affair vertraulich; conversation, meeting, interview privat, vertraulich; (= secluded) place abgelegen; dining room separat; (= not public) funeral, wedding im engsten Kreis; hearing, sitting nicht öffentlich, nichtöffentlich

they were sharing a private joke — sie fanden irgend etwas lustig

it's just a private joke between us —

no private jokes! — lass uns auch mitlachen!

private and confidential — streng vertraulich

he acted in a private capacity — er handelte als Privatperson

they wanted to be private — sie wollten allein or für sich sein

to keep sth private — etw für sich behalten

his private life — sein Privatleben nt

in his private thoughts — in seinen ganz persönlichen Gedanken

2)

private branch exchange ( Brit Telec ) — Nebenstellenanlage f

private car — Privatwagen m

private citizen — Privatperson f

private education — Ausbildung f

private health insurance — private Krankenversicherung

private individual — Einzelne(r) mf

private law — Privatrecht nt

private limited company — ≈ Aktiengesellschaft f (die nicht an der Börse notiert ist)

private means — Privatvermögen nt

private pupil — Privatschüler(in) m(f)

private soldier (Mil) — gemeiner or einfacher Soldat

private treatment — Privatbehandlung f

private tutor — Privatlehrer(in) m(f)

private ward — Privatabteilung or -station f

3) (= withdrawn, reserved) person reserviert, zurückhaltend

2. n

1) (MIL) Gefreite(r) mf

Private X — der Gefreite X; (in address) Gefreiter X

private first class (US) — Obergefreite(r) mf

2) pl (= genitals) Geschlechtsteile pl

3)

in private — privat; (Jur) unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit

we must talk in private — wir müssen das unter uns besprechen

* * *

Pte abk MIL Private Gefreiter m

Pvt. abk MIL Private Gefreiter m

* * *
1. adjective
1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]

a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat

have a private education — auf eine Privatschule gehen

2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]

‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’

for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch

3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]

4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich

have a private word with somebody — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört

6) (not in public office)

private citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
2. noun
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat

2)

in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen

speak to somebody in private — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

3) in pl. (coll.): (genitals) Geschlechtsteile Pl.

* * *

(military) n.

Gefreite -n (Soldat) m. adj.

nicht öffentlich adj.

persönlich adj.

privat adj.

English-german dictionary > Private
11 private

1. adjective
1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]

a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat

have a private education — auf eine Privatschule gehen

2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]

‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’

for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch

3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]

4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich

have a private word with somebody — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört

6) (not in public office)

private citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
2. noun
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat

2)

in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen

speak to somebody in private — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

3) in pl. (coll.): (genitals) Geschlechtsteile Pl.

* * *
1. adjective
1) (of, for, or belonging to, one person or group, not to the general public: The headmaster lives in a private apartment in the school; in my private (=personal) opinion; This information is to be kept strictly private; You shouldn't listen to private conversations.) privat

2) (having no public or official position or rank: It is your duty as a private citizen to report this matter to the police.) Privat-...
2. noun
(in the army, an ordinary soldier, not an officer.) gewöhnlicher Soldat

- academic.ru/58044/privacy">privacy
- privately
- private enterprise
- private means
- in private
* * *

pri·vate

[ˈpraɪvɪt, AM -vət]

I. adj

1. inv (personal) privat, Privat-

\private initiative/life Privatinitiative f/-leben nt

\private joke Insiderwitz m fam

to speak in some \private language in seiner eigenen Sprache reden

sb's \private opinion jds persönliche Meinung

\private papers persönliche Papiere

2. (not open to public) privat, Privat-; discussion, meeting nicht öffentlich

\private beach/club/collection Privatstrand m/-klub m/-sammlung f

\private function Privatveranstaltung f, private Feier

\private funeral Beerdigung f in aller Stille

\private land Privatgrund m

\private wedding ceremony Hochzeitsfeier f im engsten Familienkreis

3. (confidential) vertraulich

to keep sth \private etw für sich akk behalten

4. (not social) zurückhaltend, introvertiert

to be a very \private sort of person ein sehr verschlossener [o in sich akk gekehrter] Mensch sein

5. (secluded) abgelegen; (undisturbed) ungestört

6. inv (not governmental) privat, Privat-

\private business Privatwirtschaft f

\private financing Privatfinanzierung f

\private funds private Gelder

\private hospital Privatklinik f

7. (not as official)

as a \private person als Privatperson

II. n

1. no pl (not in public)

▪ in \private privat, im Privatleben; LAW unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit

to speak [or talk] to sb in \private jdn [o mit jdm] unter vier Augen sprechen

2. ( fam: genitals)

▪ \privates pl Geschlechtsteile pl

3. (soldier) Gefreiter m, einfacher Soldat

* * *
['praIvɪt]
1. adj

1) privat; (= personal) letter, reasons persönlich, privat; (= confidential) matter, affair vertraulich; conversation, meeting, interview privat, vertraulich; (= secluded) place abgelegen; dining room separat; (= not public) funeral, wedding im engsten Kreis; hearing, sitting nicht öffentlich, nichtöffentlich

they were sharing a private joke — sie fanden irgend etwas lustig

it's just a private joke between us —

no private jokes! — lass uns auch mitlachen!

private and confidential — streng vertraulich

he acted in a private capacity — er handelte als Privatperson

they wanted to be private — sie wollten allein or für sich sein

to keep sth private — etw für sich behalten

his private life — sein Privatleben nt

in his private thoughts — in seinen ganz persönlichen Gedanken

2)

private branch exchange ( Brit Telec ) — Nebenstellenanlage f

private car — Privatwagen m

private citizen — Privatperson f

private education — Ausbildung f

private health insurance — private Krankenversicherung

private individual — Einzelne(r) mf

private law — Privatrecht nt

private limited company — ≈ Aktiengesellschaft f (die nicht an der Börse notiert ist)

private means — Privatvermögen nt

private pupil — Privatschüler(in) m(f)

private soldier (Mil) — gemeiner or einfacher Soldat

private treatment — Privatbehandlung f

private tutor — Privatlehrer(in) m(f)

private ward — Privatabteilung or -station f

3) (= withdrawn, reserved) person reserviert, zurückhaltend

2. n

1) (MIL) Gefreite(r) mf

Private X — der Gefreite X; (in address) Gefreiter X

private first class (US) — Obergefreite(r) mf

2) pl (= genitals) Geschlechtsteile pl

3)

in private — privat; (Jur) unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit

we must talk in private — wir müssen das unter uns besprechen

* * *

private [ˈpraıvıt]

A adj (adv → privately)

1. privat, Privat…, eigen(er, e, es), Eigen…, persönlich:

private account Privatkonto n;

private address Privatadresse f, -anschrift f;

private affair ( oder concern, matter) Privatsache f, -angelegenheit f;

private army Privatarmee f;

private audience Privataudienz f;

private bill PARL Gesetzesvorlage in privatem od lokalem Interesse;

private citizen Privatperson f;

private collection Privatsammlung f;

private consumer Privatverbraucher(in);

private consumption Eigenverbrauch m;

private gentleman Privatier m;

private health insurance private Krankenversicherung;

have private health insurance privat versichert sein;

private law JUR Privatrecht n;

private liability persönliche Haftung;

private life Privatleben n;

private patient MED Br Privatpatient(in);

private person Privatperson f;

private property Privateigentum n, -besitz m;

private secretary Privatsekretär(in);

private treatment MED Br Behandlung f als Privatpatient(in)

2. privat, nicht öffentlich:

sell by private bargain ( oder contract) unter der Hand verkaufen;

at private sale unter der Hand (verkauft etc);

private beach eigener Strand (eines Hotels);

private (limited) company WIRTSCH Br Gesellschaft f mit beschränkter Haftung;

private corporation

a) JUR privatrechtliche Körperschaft,

b) WIRTSCH US Gesellschaft f mit beschränkter Haftung;

private enterprise privates Unternehmertum, Privatwirtschaft f;

private eye bes US umg, private investigator ( oder detective) Privatdetektiv(in);

private firm Einzelfirma f;

private industry Privatindustrie f, -wirtschaft f;

private instruction ( oder lessons pl) Privatunterricht m;

private performance THEAT etc geschlossene Vorstellung;

private road Privatweg m;

private school Privatschule f;

private sector WIRTSCH Privatsektor m;

private theater (bes Br theatre) Liebhabertheater n;

private view → preview A 2; → dick 2, hand A 6, nuisance 3

3. be a very private person sehr zurückgezogen leben;

wish to be private den Wunsch haben, (für sich) allein zu sein oder nicht gestört zu werden;

private prayer stilles Gebet

4. privat, der Öffentlichkeit nicht bekannt, nicht für die Öffentlichkeit bestimmt:

private reasons

a) private Gründe,

b) Hintergründe

5. geheim:

keep sth private etwas geheim halten oder vertraulich behandeln;

private negotiations geheime Verhandlungen;

private parts → B 2

6. vertraulich (Informationen etc):

this is for your private ear dies sage ich Ihnen ganz im Vertrauen;

be private to sth in etwas eingeweiht sein, über etwas Bescheid wissen

7. nicht amtlich oder öffentlich, außeramtlich (Angelegenheit)

8. PARL besonders Br private member nicht der Regierung angehörende(r) Abgeordnete(r);

private member’s bill von einem private member eingebrachte Gesetzesvorlage

9. JUR außergerichtlich:

private arrangement gütlicher Vergleich

10. private soldier → B 1

B s

1. MIL (einfacher) Soldat:

private 1st class US Gefreite(r) m

2. pl Geschlechtsteile pl

3. in private

a) im Privatleben, privat,

b) insgeheim,

c) unter vier Augen,

d) in privatem Kreis,

e) unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit

priv. abk

1. private priv.

2. LING privative

* * *
1. adjective
1) (outside State system) privat; Privat[unterricht, -schule, -industrie, -klinik, -patient, -station usw.]

a doctor working in private medicine — ein Arzt, der Privatpatienten hat

have a private education — auf eine Privatschule gehen

2) (belonging to individual, not public, not business) persönlich [Dinge]; nichtöffentlich [Versammlung, Sitzung]; privat [Telefongespräch, Schriftverkehr]; Privat[eigentum, -wagen, -flugzeug, -strand, -parkplatz, -leben, -konto]

‘private’ — (on door) "Privat"; (in public building) "kein Zutritt"; (on private land) ‘Betreten verboten’

for [one's own] private use — für den persönlichen Gebrauch

3) (personal, affecting individual) persönlich [Meinung, Interesse, Überzeugung, Rache]; privat [Vereinbarung, Zweck]

4) (not for public disclosure) geheim [Verhandlung, Geschäft, Tränen]; still [Gebet, Nachdenken, Grübeln]; persönlich [Gründe]; (confidential) vertraulich

have a private word with somebody — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

5) (secluded) still [Ort]; (undisturbed) ungestört

6) (not in public office)

private citizen or individual — Privatperson, die
2. noun
1) (Brit. Mil.) einfacher Soldat

2)

in private — privat; in kleinem Kreis [feiern]; (confidentially) ganz im Vertrauen

speak to somebody in private — jemanden unter vier Augen sprechen

3) in pl. (coll.): (genitals) Geschlechtsteile Pl.

* * *

(military) n.

Gefreite -n (Soldat) m. adj.

nicht öffentlich adj.

persönlich adj.

privat adj.

English-german dictionary > private
12 private

pri·vate [ʼpraɪvɪt, Am -vət] adj

1) inv ( personal) privat, Privat-;

\private initiative/ life Privatinitiative f /-leben nt;

\private joke Insiderwitz m ( fam)

to speak in some \private language in seiner eigenen Sprache reden;

sb's \private opinion jds persönliche Meinung;

\private papers persönliche Papiere

2) ( not open to public) privat, Privat-; discussion, meeting nicht öffentlich;

\private beach/ club/ collection Privatstrand m /-klub m; /-sammlung f;

\private function Privatveranstaltung f, private Feier;

\private funeral Beerdigung f in aller Stille;

\private land Privatgrund m;

\private wedding ceremony Hochzeitsfeier f im engsten Familienkreis

3) ( confidential) vertraulich;

to keep sth \private etw für sich akk behalten

4) ( not social) zurückhaltend, introvertiert;

to be a very \private sort of person ein sehr verschlossener [o in sich akk gekehrter] Mensch sein

5) ( secluded) abgelegen;

( undisturbed) ungestört

6) inv ( not governmental) privat, Privat-;

\private business Privatwirtschaft f;

\private financing Privatfinanzierung f;

\private funds private Gelder;

\private hospital Privatklinik f

7) ( not as official)

as a \private person als Privatperson n

1) no pl ( not in public)

in \private privat, im Privatleben; law unter Ausschluss der Öffentlichkeit;

to speak [or talk] to sb in \private jdn [o mit jdm] unter vier Augen sprechen

2) (fam: genitals)

\privates pl Geschlechtsteile ntpl

3) ( soldier) Gefreiter m, einfacher Soldat

English-German students dictionary > private
13 English

1. adjective
englisch

he/she is English — er ist Engländer/sie ist Engländerin
2. noun
1) (language) Englisch, das

say something in English — etwas auf englisch sagen

speak English — Englisch sprechen

be speaking English — englisch sprechen

I [can] speak/read English — ich spreche Englisch/kann Englisch lesen

I cannot or do not speak/read English — ich spreche kein Englisch/kann Englisch nicht lesen

translate into/from [the] English — ins Englische/aus dem Englischen übersetzen

write something in English — etwas [auf od. in] englisch schreiben

her English is very good — sie schreibt/spricht ein sehr gutes Englisch

the King's/Queen's English — die englische Hochsprache

Old English — Altenglisch, das

in plain English — in einfachen Worten

2) pl. the English: die Engländer. See also academic.ru/55405/pidgin_English">pidgin English

* * *
['iŋɡliʃ] 1. adjective
(of England or its inhabitants: three English people; the English language.) englisch
2. noun
(the main language of England and the rest of Britain, North America, a great part of the British Commonwealth and some other countries: He speaks English.) das Englisch

- Englishman

* * *

Eng·lish¹

[ˈɪŋglɪʃ]

I. n

1. no pl (language) Englisch nt

do you speak \English? sprechen Sie Englisch?

the King's/Queen's \English die englische Hochsprache

2. (people)

▪ the \English pl die Engländer pl

II. adj englisch

\English department UNIV Anglistisches Institut, Institut nt für Anglistik, Englisches Seminar SCHWEIZ

Eng·lish²

[AM ˈɪŋglɪʃ]

n AM SPORT Effet m o BRD, ÖSTERR nt selten

to put some \English on the ball der Kugel einen leichten Effet geben

* * *
['Iŋglɪʃ]
1. adj
englisch
he is English — er ist Engländer

he's an English teacher (teaching English) — er ist Englischlehrer; (English by nationality) er ist ein englischer Lehrer

English translator — englischer Übersetzer, englische Übersetzerin; (foreign) Übersetzer(in) m(f) für Englisch

(full) English breakfast — englisches Frühstück

2. n

1)

the English pl — die Engländer pl

2) (LING) Englisch nt; (= the English language in general, English grammar) Englisch nt, das Englische; (as university subject) Anglistik f

can you speak English? — können Sie Englisch?

he doesn't speak English — er spricht kein Englisch

"English spoken" — "hier wird Englisch gesprochen"

they were speaking English — sie unterhielten sich auf Englisch

he speaks very good English — er spricht ein sehr gutes Englisch

in English — auf or in (inf) Englisch

in good/modern-day English — in gutem/modernem Englisch

to translate sth into/from English — etw ins Englische/aus dem Englischen übersetzen

that's not English — das ist verkehrt, das ist falsches Englisch

English/teaching English as a foreign language ( abbr EFL/TEFL ) — Englisch als Fremdsprache

the King's/Queen's English — die englische Hochsprache

See:

→ Old English, plain

* * *

English [ˈıŋɡlıʃ]

A adj englisch:

English breakfast;

she’s English sie ist Engländerin

B s

1. the English koll die Engländer pl

2. LING Englisch n, das Englische:

in English

a) auf Englisch,

b) im Englischen;

into English ins Englische;

from (the) English aus dem Englischen;

in plain English

a) unverblümt,

b) auf gut Deutsch umg

3. TYPO

a) HIST Mittel f ( Schriftgrad; 14 Punkt)

b) eine gotische Schrift

C v/t

1. obs ins Englische übersetzen

2. obs ein Wort etc anglisieren

E. abk

1. Earl

2. Earth

3. east (eastern)

4. English

* * *
1. adjective
englisch

he/she is English — er ist Engländer/sie ist Engländerin
2. noun
1) (language) Englisch, das

say something in English — etwas auf englisch sagen

speak English — Englisch sprechen

be speaking English — englisch sprechen

I [can] speak/read English — ich spreche Englisch/kann Englisch lesen

I cannot or do not speak/read English — ich spreche kein Englisch/kann Englisch nicht lesen

translate into/from [the] English — ins Englische/aus dem Englischen übersetzen

write something in English — etwas [auf od. in] englisch schreiben

her English is very good — sie schreibt/spricht ein sehr gutes Englisch

the King's/Queen's English — die englische Hochsprache

Old English — Altenglisch, das

in plain English — in einfachen Worten

2) pl. the English: die Engländer. See also pidgin English

* * *

adj.

englisch adj. n.

Englisch n.

English-german dictionary > English
14 talk

1. noun
1) (discussion) Gespräch, das

have a talk [with somebody] [about something] — [mit jemandem] [über etwas (Akk.)] reden od. sprechen

have a long talk on the phone — lange miteinander telefonieren

could I have a talk with you? — könnte ich Sie einmal sprechen?

have or hold talks [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] Gespräche führen

2) (speech, lecture) Vortrag, der

give a talk/a series of talks [on something/somebody] — einen Vortrag/eine Vortragsreihe [über etwas/jemanden] halten

3) no pl. (form of communication) Sprache, die

4) no pl. (talking) Gerede, das (abwertend)

there's too much talk [of...] — es wird zu viel [von...] geredet

be the talk of the town/neighbourhood — etc. Stadtgespräch/das Thema in der Nachbarschaft usw. sein
2. intransitive verb
1) (speak) sprechen, reden (with, to mit); (lecture) sprechen; (converse) sich unterhalten; (have talks) Gespräche führen; (gossip) reden

be talking in German — deutsch sprechen

love to hear oneself talk — sich gern reden hören

we must talk — wir müssen miteinander reden

talk on the phone — telefonieren

keep somebody talking — jemanden in ein [längeres] Gespräch verwickeln

now you're talking! — (coll.) das hört sich schon besser an

that's no way to talk/talk to your uncle — das darfst du nicht sagen/so darfst du aber nicht mit deinem Onkel reden!

it's easy for you/him etc. to talk — du hast/er hat usw. gut reden

look who's talking — (iron.) das musst du gerade sagen

you can (iron.) or can't talk! — sei du nur ganz still!

could I talk to you for a moment? — könnte ich Sie einen Augenblick sprechen?

get talking [to somebody] — [mit jemandem] ins Gespräch kommen

talk to oneself — Selbstgespräche führen

talk of or about somebody/something — über jemanden/etwas reden

everyone's talking about him/his divorce — er/seine Scheidung ist in aller Munde

talk of or about doing something — davon reden, etwas zu tun

[not] know what one is talking about — [gar nicht] wissen, wovon man redet

[not] know what somebody is talking about — [nicht] wissen, was jemand meint od. wovon jemand spricht

talking of holidays — etc. da wir [gerade] vom Urlaub usw. sprechen

2) (have power of speech) sprechen

3) (betray secrets) reden

make somebody talk — jemanden zum Reden bringen
3. transitive verb
1) (utter, express)

talk [a load of] nonsense — [eine Menge] Unsinn od. (ugs.) Stuss reden

2) (discuss)

talk politics/music — etc. über Politik/Musik usw. reden

3) (use) sprechen [Sprache, Dialekt usw.]

4)

talk oneself hoarse — sich heiser reden

talk oneself or one's way out of trouble — sich aus Schwierigkeiten herausreden

talk somebody into/out of something — jemanden zu etwas überreden/jemandem etwas ausreden

Phrasal Verbs:

- academic.ru/73258/talk_down">talk down

- talk over

- talk round

- talk through

* * *
[to:k] 1. verb
1) (to speak; to have a conversation or discussion: We talked about it for hours; My parrot can talk (= imitate human speech).) reden

2) (to gossip: You can't stay here - people will talk!) reden über

3) (to talk about: They spent the whole time talking philosophy.) das Gespräch
2. noun
1) ((sometimes in plural) a conversation or discussion: We had a long talk about it; The Prime Ministers met for talks on their countries' economic problems.) die Aussprache

2) (a lecture: The doctor gave us a talk on family health.) das Gerede

3) (gossip: Her behaviour causes a lot of talk among the neighbours.) das Gerede

4) (useless discussion; statements of things a person says he will do but which will never actually be done: There's too much talk and not enough action.) das Gerede

•

- talkative
- talking book
- talking head
- talking-point
- talk show
- talking-to
- talk back
- talk big
- talk down to
- talk someone into / out of doing
- talk into / out of doing
- talk someone into / out of
- talk into / out of
- talk over
- talk round
- talk sense/nonsense
- talk shop
* * *

talk

[tɔ:k, AM usu tɑ:k]

I. n

1. (discussion) Gespräch nt; (conversation) Unterhaltung f; (private) Unterredung f

to have a \talk [with sb] [about sth] [mit jdm] [über etw akk] reden [o sprechen], ein Gespräch [mit jdm] [über etw akk] führen form; (conversation) sich akk [mit jdm] [über etw akk] unterhalten; (private) eine Unterredung [mit jdm] [über etw akk] haben

heart-to-heart \talk offene Aussprache

2. (lecture) Vortrag m

to give a \talk [on [or about] sth] einen Vortrag [über etw akk] halten

3. no pl (discussion) Reden nt, Gerede nt fam; (things said) Worte pl

big \talk große Töne pej fam

idle \talk leeres Gerede fam

to make small \talk Konversation betreiben

4. (subject of conversation)

▪ the \talk Gespräch[sthema] nt

her behaviour is the \talk of the neighbourhood ihr Verhalten ist das Gespräch des ganzen Viertels

5. (formal discussions)

▪ \talks pl Gespräche pl

peace \talks Friedensverhandlungen pl

to hold \talks [on [or about] sth] Gespräche [über etw akk] führen

6.

▶ to be all \talk [and no action], to be just \talk immer nur reden [und nie handeln]

▶ to be the \talk of the town Stadtgespräch sein

II. vi

1. (speak) sprechen, reden; (converse) sich akk unterhalten

▪ to \talk about sb/sth über jdn/etw reden [o sprechen]

what the hell are you \talking about? wovon zum Teufel sprichst du eigentlich? fam

to \talk about sb behind his/her back über jdn hinter seinem/ihrem Rücken reden [o fam herziehen]

▪ to \talk to [or with] sb mit jdm reden [o sprechen]

she \talks to her mother on the phone every week sie telefoniert jede Woche mit ihrer Mutter

▪ to \talk to oneself mit sich dat selbst reden, Selbstgespräche führen

2. (imitate speech) parrot plappern fam

3. (speak privately or seriously) reden

can we \talk? können wir reden?

I think we need to \talk ich denke, wir sollten einmal miteinander reden

4.

▶ you can't [or AM should] \talk ( fam) du hast es gerade nötig, etwas zu sagen fam

▶ to \talk dirty [to sb] obszön [mit jdm] reden

▶ to be \talking through one's hat [or BRIT also neck] (pej! fam) nur so daherreden fam

▶ look who's \talking, you're a fine one to \talk, to set sb \talking BRIT jdm Grund zum Tratschen geben fam

▶ \talking of sb/sth... esp BRIT wo [o da] wir gerade von jdm/etw reden [o sprechen]...

III. vt

1. (speak)

to \talk a language eine Sprache sprechen [o SCHWEIZ meist reden]

she \talks English at work and French at home in der Arbeit spricht sie Englisch und zu Hause Französisch

2. ( fam: discuss)

to \talk business/money/politics über Geschäfte/Geld/Politik sprechen

3.

▶ \talk about... so was von... fam

what a film — \talk about boring! was für ein Film — so was von langweilig! fam

▶ to \talk a blue streak AM ohne Punkt und Komma reden fam

▶ to \talk sb's ear off ( fam) jdm ein Loch in den Bauch reden fam

▶ to give sb something to \talk about jdm Gesprächsstoff liefern

▶ to \talk one's head off ( fam) ununterbrochen reden

▶ to be able to \talk the hind leg[s] off a donkey BRIT ( fam) jdm ein Loch in den Bauch reden können fam

▶ to \talk nonsense [or esp BRIT rubbish] ( pej) Unsinn reden

▶ to \talk sense [into sb's head] vernünftig [mit jdm] reden

▶ to \talk some sense into sb's head jdm Vernunft einimpfen fam

▶ to \talk shop übers Geschäft reden fam, fachsimpeln fam

▶ to \talk turkey esp AM ( fam) offen [o fam Tacheles] reden

* * *
[tɔːk]
1. n

1) Gespräch nt (ALSO POL); (= conversation) Gespräch nt, Unterhaltung f; (esp heart-to-heart) Aussprache f

to have a talk — ein Gespräch führen/sich unterhalten/sich aussprechen (with sb about sth mit jdm über etw acc )

could I have a talk with you? — könnte ich Sie mal sprechen?

to hold or have talks — Gespräche führen

to have a friendly talk with sb — sich mit jdm nett unterhalten, mit jdm plaudern; (giving advice, warning) mit jdm (mal) in aller Freundschaft reden

I have enjoyed our talk — ich habe mich gern mit Ihnen unterhalten

to meet for talks — sich zu Gesprächen treffen

2) no pl (= talking) Reden nt, Rederei f; (= rumour) Gerede nt

he's all talk — er ist ein fürchterlicher Schwätzer; (and no action) der führt bloß große Reden

there is some talk of his returning — es heißt, er kommt zurück

there is too much talk of going on strike in this factory — in dieser Fabrik wird zu viel vom Streiken geredet

it's the talk of the town — es ist Stadtgespräch

she's the talk of the town — sie ist zum Stadtgespräch geworden

3) (= lecture) Vortrag m

to give a talk — einen Vortrag halten (on über +acc )

a series of talks — eine Vortragsreihe

her talk on the dangers... — ihre (kurze) Rede über die Gefahren...

2. vi

1) (= speak) sprechen, reden (of von, about über +acc); (= have conversation) reden, sich unterhalten (of, about über +acc); (bird, doll, child) sprechen

to talk to or with sb — mit jdm sprechen or reden (about über +acc )

could I talk to Mr Smith please? — kann ich bitte Herrn Smith sprechen?

don't talk silly! (inf) — red keinen Stuss! (inf), red nicht so blöd (daher)! (inf)

it's easy or all right for you to talk (inf) — du hast gut reden (inf)

don't (you) talk to me like that! — wie redest du denn mit mir?

who do you think you're talking to? — was meinst du denn, wen du vor dir hast?

that's no way to talk to your parents —

hey, that's no way to talk — hör mal, sag doch so was nicht!

he sat there without talking — er saß da und sagte kein Wort

talk to me! — erzähl mir was!

to get/be talking to sb — mit jdm ins Gespräch kommen/im Gespräch sein

he knows/doesn't know what he's talking about — er weiß (schon)/weiß (doch) nicht, wovon er spricht, er hat (davon) ziemlich Ahnung (inf)/(doch) überhaupt keine Ahnung

you can talk! (inf) — du kannst gerade reden!

to keep sb talking — jdn (mit einem Gespräch) hinhalten

to talk to oneself — Selbstgespräche führen

now you're talking! — das lässt sich schon eher hören!

2) (= mention) sprechen, reden

he's been talking of going abroad — er hat davon gesprochen or geredet, dass er ins Ausland fahren will

talking of salaries/films... — da or wo (inf) wir gerade von Gehältern/Filmen sprechen...

talk about impertinence/rude/hot! — so was von Frechheit/unverschämt/heiß! (inf)

3) (= chatter) reden, schwatzen

stop talking! — sei/seid ruhig!

4) (= gossip) reden, klatschen

everyone was talking about them — sie waren in aller Munde; (because of scandal also) alle haben über sie geredet or geklatscht

to get oneself talked about — von sich reden machen; (because of scandal) ins Gerede kommen

5) (= reveal secret) reden

the spy refused to talk — der Spion schwieg beharrlich or weigerte sich zu reden

to make sb talk — jdn zum Reden bringen

OK, Kowalski, talk! — O.K. or o.k., Kowalski, raus mit der Sprache! (inf)

6)

we're talking about at least £2,000/3 months —

what sort of sum are we talking about? — um welche Summe geht es?

3. vt

1) (= speak) a language, slang sprechen; nonsense reden

talk sense! — red keinen solchen Unsinn!

he simply wasn't talking sense — er hat bloß Unsinn geredet or verzapft (inf)

2) (= discuss) politics, cricket, business reden über (+acc) or von, sich unterhalten über (+acc)

we're talking big money/serious crime etc here (inf) — heir gehts um große Geld/um schlimme Verbrechen etc (inf)

we have to talk business for a while — wir müssen mal kurz etwas Geschäftliches besprechen

then they got down to talking business — dann sind sie zum geschäftlichen Teil übergegangen

let's talk business —

now you're talking business — das lässt sich schon eher hören

See:

→ shop

3)

(= persuade) to talk sb/oneself into doing sth — jdn überreden or jdn/sich dazu bringen, etw zu tun; (against better judgement) jdm/sich einreden, dass man etw tut

he talked himself into believing she was unfaithful — er hat sich eingeredet, sie sei ihm nicht treu

to talk sb out of sth/doing sth — jdn von etw abbringen/davon abbringen, etw zu tun, jdm etw ausreden/jdm ausreden, etw zu tun

4)

(= achieve by talking) he talked himself out of that job — durch sein Reden hat er sich (dat)

you won't be able to talk your way out of this — jetzt können Sie sich nicht mehr herausreden

he talked himself out of trouble — er redete sich (geschickt) heraus

he talked himself into this situation — er hat sich selbst durch sein Reden in diese Lage gebracht

to talk sb into a better humour — jdn in eine bessere Laune bringen

to talk sb out of his bad temper — jdm die schlechte Laune vertreiben

5)

to talk oneself hoarse — sich heiser reden

See:

→ head

* * *

talk [tɔːk]

A s

1. Reden n

2. Gespräch n:

a) Unterhaltung f, Plauderei f

b) Unterredung f ( auch POL):

have a talk with sb mit jemandem reden oder plaudern, sich mit jemandem unterhalten

3. Aussprache f

4. RADIO etc

a) Plauderei f

b) Vortrag m:

give a talk on einen Vortrag halten über (akk)

5. Gerede n:

a) Geschwätz n umg

b) Klatsch m umg:

he’s all talk er ist ein großer Schwätzer;

he’s all talk and no action er redet (immer) nur und tut nichts;

that was all talk das war alles nur Gerede;

end in talk im Sand verlaufen;

there is a lot of talk about es ist viel die Rede von;

there is talk of his being bankrupt man spricht davon, dass er bankrott sei; → big A 7, small talk

6. Gesprächsgegenstand m:

be the talk of the town Stadtgespräch sein

7. Sprache f, Art f zu reden: → baby talk

B v/i

1. reden, sprechen:

talk round sth um etwas herumreden; → big B 2, tall B, wild B

2. reden, sprechen, plaudern, sich unterhalten ( alle:

about, on über akk;

of von;

with mit):

talk about sth auch etwas besprechen;

he knows what he is talking about er weiß, wovon er spricht;

talk at sb auf jemanden einreden;

talk to sb

a) mit jemandem sprechen oder reden,

b) umg jemandem die Meinung sagen, jemandem eine Standpauke halten;

they are not talking to each other sie reden zurzeit nicht miteinander;

talk to o.s. Selbstgespräche führen;

talking of … da wir gerade von … sprechen;

you can talk! umg das sagst ausgerechnet du!;

now you are talking! umg das lässt sich schon eher hören!

3. pej reden:

a) schwatzen

b) klatschen umg:

get o.s. talked about ins Gerede kommen; → devil A 1

C v/t

1. Unsinn etc reden:

talk a solution to a problem die Lösung eines Problems herbeireden;

he was talking a lot without saying anything er redete viel, ohne etwas zu sagen; → sense A 8, wisdom 1

2. eine Sprache sprechen:

talk French

3. über Geschäfte etc reden oder sprechen:

talk politics auch politisieren; → shop A 3

4. reden:

talk o.s. hoarse;

talk sb into believing sth jemanden etwas glauben machen;

talk sb into sth jemandem etwas einreden, jemanden zu etwas überreden, jemandem etwas aufschwatzen;

talk sb out of sth jemandem etwas ausreden;

talk one’s way out of sth sich aus etwas herausreden;

talk to death US → talk out 1

* * *
1. noun
1) (discussion) Gespräch, das

have a talk [with somebody] [about something] — [mit jemandem] [über etwas (Akk.)] reden od. sprechen

have a long talk on the phone — lange miteinander telefonieren

could I have a talk with you? — könnte ich Sie einmal sprechen?

have or hold talks [with somebody] — [mit jemandem] Gespräche führen

2) (speech, lecture) Vortrag, der

give a talk/a series of talks [on something/somebody] — einen Vortrag/eine Vortragsreihe [über etwas/jemanden] halten

3) no pl. (form of communication) Sprache, die

4) no pl. (talking) Gerede, das (abwertend)

there's too much talk [of...] — es wird zu viel [von...] geredet

be the talk of the town/neighbourhood — etc. Stadtgespräch/das Thema in der Nachbarschaft usw. sein
2. intransitive verb
1) (speak) sprechen, reden (with, to mit); (lecture) sprechen; (converse) sich unterhalten; (have talks) Gespräche führen; (gossip) reden

be talking in German — deutsch sprechen

love to hear oneself talk — sich gern reden hören

we must talk — wir müssen miteinander reden

talk on the phone — telefonieren

keep somebody talking — jemanden in ein [längeres] Gespräch verwickeln

now you're talking! — (coll.) das hört sich schon besser an

that's no way to talk/talk to your uncle — das darfst du nicht sagen/so darfst du aber nicht mit deinem Onkel reden!

it's easy for you/him etc. to talk — du hast/er hat usw. gut reden

look who's talking — (iron.) das musst du gerade sagen

you can (iron.) or can't talk! — sei du nur ganz still!

could I talk to you for a moment? — könnte ich Sie einen Augenblick sprechen?

get talking [to somebody] — [mit jemandem] ins Gespräch kommen

talk to oneself — Selbstgespräche führen

talk of or about somebody/something — über jemanden/etwas reden

everyone's talking about him/his divorce — er/seine Scheidung ist in aller Munde

talk of or about doing something — davon reden, etwas zu tun

[not] know what one is talking about — [gar nicht] wissen, wovon man redet

[not] know what somebody is talking about — [nicht] wissen, was jemand meint od. wovon jemand spricht

talking of holidays — etc. da wir [gerade] vom Urlaub usw. sprechen

2) (have power of speech) sprechen

3) (betray secrets) reden

make somebody talk — jemanden zum Reden bringen
3. transitive verb
1) (utter, express)

talk [a load of] nonsense — [eine Menge] Unsinn od. (ugs.) Stuss reden

2) (discuss)

talk politics/music — etc. über Politik/Musik usw. reden

3) (use) sprechen [Sprache, Dialekt usw.]

4)

talk oneself hoarse — sich heiser reden

talk oneself or one's way out of trouble — sich aus Schwierigkeiten herausreden

talk somebody into/out of something — jemanden zu etwas überreden/jemandem etwas ausreden

Phrasal Verbs:

- talk down

- talk over

- talk round

- talk through

* * *

n.

Gespräch -e n. (to) v.

reden (zu) v.

sich unterhalten (mit) v.

sprechen (mit) v.

English-german dictionary > talk
15 say

1. transitive verb,
pres. t. he says, p.t. & p.p. said

1) sagen

say something out loud — etwas aussprechen od. laut sagen

he said something about going out — er hat etwas von Ausgehen gesagt

what more can I say? — was soll ich da noch [groß] sagen?

it says a lot or much or something for somebody/something that... — es spricht sehr für jemanden/etwas, dass...

have a lot/not much to say for oneself — viel reden/nicht viel von sich geben

to say nothing of — (quite apart from) ganz zu schweigen von; mal ganz abgesehen von

that is to say — das heißt

having said that, that said — (nevertheless) abgesehen davon

when all is said and done — letzten Endes

you can say that again, you said it — (coll.) das kannst du laut sagen (ugs.)

you don't say [so] — (coll.) was du nicht sagst (ugs.)

says you — (coll.) wer's glaubt, wird selig (ugs. scherzh.)

I'll say [it is]! — (coll.): (it certainly is) und wie!

don't let or never let it be said [that]... — niemand soll sagen können, [dass]...

I can't say [that] I like cats/the idea — ich kann nicht gerade sagen od. behaupten, dass ich Katzen mag/die Idee gut finde

[well,] I must say — also, ich muss schon sagen

I should say so/not — ich glaube schon/nicht; (emphatic) bestimmt/bestimmt nicht

what have you got to say for yourself? — was haben Sie zu Ihren Gunsten zu sagen?

there's something to be said on both sides/either side — man kann für beide Seiten/jede Seite Argumente anführen

I can't say fairer than that — ein besseres Angebot kann ich nicht machen

and so say all of us — der Meinung sind wir auch

what do or would you say to somebody/something? — (think about) was hältst du von jemandem/etwas?; was würdest du zu jemandem/etwas sagen?

what I'm trying to say is this — was ich sagen will, ist folgendes

say nothing to somebody — (fig.) [Musik, Kunst:] jemandem nichts bedeuten

which/that is not saying much or a lot — was nicht viel heißen will/das will nicht viel heißen

2) (recite, repeat, speak words of) sprechen [Gebet, Text]; aufsagen [Einmaleins, Gedicht]

3) (have specified wording or reading) sagen; [Zeitung:] schreiben; [Uhr:] zeigen [Uhrzeit]

the Bible says or it says in the Bible [that]... — in der Bibel heißt es, dass...

a sign saying... — ein Schild mit der Aufschrift...

what does it say here? — was steht hier?

4) in pass.

she is said to be clever/have done it — man sagt, sie sei klug/habe es getan
2. intransitive verb, forms as
1.

1) (speak) sagen

I say! — (Brit.) (seeking attention) Entschuldigung!; (admiring) Donnerwetter!

2) in imper. (Amer.) Mensch!
3. noun
1) (share in decision)

have a or some say — ein Mitspracherecht haben (in bei)

have no say — nichts zu sagen haben

2) (power of decision)

the [final] say — das letzte Wort (in bei)

3) (what one has to say)

have one's say — seine Meinung sagen; (chance to speak)

get one's or have a say — zu Wort kommen

* * *
[sei] 1. 3rd person singular present tense - says; verb
1) (to speak or utter: What did you say?; She said `Yes'.) sagen

2) (to tell, state or declare: She said how she had enjoyed meeting me; She is said to be very beautiful.) sagen

3) (to repeat: The child says her prayers every night.) aufsagen

4) (to guess or estimate: I can't say when he'll return.) sagen
2. noun
(the right or opportunity to state one's opinion: I haven't had my say yet; We have no say in the decision.) das Mitspracherecht

- academic.ru/64401/saying">saying
- have
- I wouldn't say no to
- let's say
- say
- say the word
- that is to say
* * *

say

[seɪ]

I. TRANSITIVE VERB

<said, said>

1. (utter)

▪ to \say sth etw sagen

how do you \say your name in Japanese? wie spricht man deinen Namen auf Japanisch aus?

I'm sorry, what did you \say? Entschuldigung, was hast du gesagt?

to \say sth to sb's face jdm etw ins Gesicht sagen

when all is said and done letzten Endes

when all is said and done, you can only do your best letzten Endes kann man sich nur bemühen, sein Bestes zu geben

2. (state)

▪ to \say sth etw sagen

what did they \say about the house? was haben sie über das Haus gesagt?

what did you \say to him? was hast du ihm gesagt?

“the department manager is at lunch,” he said apologetically „der Abteilungsleiter ist beim Mittagessen“, meinte er bedauernd

another cup of tea? — I wouldn't \say no ( fam) noch eine Tasse Tee? — da würde ich nicht Nein sagen

to \say goodbye to sb jdm auf Wiedersehen sagen, sich akk von jdm verabschieden

if Europe fails to agree on this, we can \say goodbye to any common foreign policy ( fam) wenn Europa sich hierauf nicht einigen kann, können wir jegliche gemeinsame Außenpolitik vergessen

to \say the least um es [einmal] milde auszudrücken

he's rather unreliable to \say the least er ist ziemlich unzuverlässig, und das ist noch schmeichelhaft ausgedrückt

you can \say that again! ( fam) das kannst du laut sagen fam

to have anything/nothing/something to \say [to sb] [jdm] irgendetwas/nichts/etwas zu sagen haben

I've got something to \say to you ich muss Ihnen etwas sagen

to \say yes/no to sth etw annehmen/ablehnen

having said that,... abgesehen davon...

3. (put into words)

▪ to \say sth etw sagen

what are you \saying, exactly? was willst du eigentlich sagen?

that was well said das war gut gesagt; (sl)

\say what? echt? fam

he talked for nearly an hour, but actually he said very little er redete beinahe eine Stunde lang, aber eigentlich sagte er sehr wenig

needless to \say [that] he disagreed with all the suggestions, as usual natürlich war er, wie immer, mit keinem der Vorschläge einverstanden

to have a lot/nothing to \say viel/nicht viel reden

what have you got to \say for yourself? was hast du zu deiner Rechtfertigung zu sagen?

\say no more! alles klar!

to \say nothing of sth ganz zu schweigen von etw dat

it would be an enormous amount of work, to \say nothing of the cost es wäre ein enormer Arbeitsaufwand, ganz abgesehen von den Kosten

4. (think)

it is said [that] he's over 100 er soll über 100 Jahre alt sein

she is a firm leader, too firm, some might \say sie ist eine strenge Führungskraft, zu streng, wie manche vielleicht sagen würden

\say what you like, I still can't believe it du kannst sagen, was du willst, aber ich kann es noch immer nicht glauben

▪ to \say sth to oneself sich dat etw sagen

she said to herself, “what a fool I am!” „was bin ich doch für eine Idiotin“, sagte sie zu sich selbst

5. (recite aloud)

▪ to \say sth etw aufsagen

to \say a prayer ein Gebet sprechen

6. (give information)

▪ to \say sth etw sagen

the sign \says... auf dem Schild steht...

can you read what that notice \says? kannst du lesen, was auf der Mitteilung steht?

it \says on the bottle to take three tablets a day auf der Flasche heißt es, man soll drei Tabletten täglich einnehmen

my watch \says 3 o'clock auf meiner Uhr ist es 3 [Uhr]

7. (indicate)

to \say something/a lot about sb/sth etwas/eine Menge über jdn/etw aussagen

the way he drives \says a lot about his character sein Fahrstil sagt eine Menge über seinen Charakter aus

to \say something for sb/sth für jdn/etw sprechen

it \says a lot for her determination that she practises her cello so often dass sie so oft Cello übt, zeigt ihre Entschlossenheit

there's little/a lot to be said for sth es spricht wenig/viel für etw akk

there's a lot to be said for living alone es spricht viel dafür, alleine zu leben

8. (convey inner/artistic meaning)

▪ to \say sth etw ausdrücken

the look on his face said he knew what had happened der Ausdruck auf seinem Gesicht machte deutlich, dass er wusste, was geschehen war

the expression on her face when she saw them said it all ihr Gesichtsausdruck, als sie sie sah, sagte alles

9. ( fam: suggest)

▪ to \say sth etw vorschlagen

I \say we start looking for a hotel now ich schlage vor, wir suchen uns jetzt ein Hotel

what do you \say we sell the car? was hältst du davon, wenn wir das Auto verkaufen?

10. (tell, command)

▪ to \say when/where etc. sagen, wann/wo usw.

he said to meet him here er sagte, dass wir ihn hier treffen sollen

she said to call her back when you get home sie sagte, du sollst sie zurückrufen, wenn du wieder zu Hause bist

to \say when sagen, wenn es genug ist [o reicht

11. (for instance)

[let's] \say... sagen wir [mal]...; (assuming) nehmen wir an, angenommen

try and finish the work by, let's \say, Friday versuchen Sie die Arbeit bis, sagen wir mal, Freitag fertig zu machen

[let's] \say [that] the journey takes three hours, that means you'll arrive at 2 o'clock angenommen die Reise dauert drei Stunden, das heißt, du kommst um 2 Uhr an

12.

▶ to \say amen to sth Amen zu etw dat sagen

I'll \say amen to that ich bin dafür

▶ to be unable to \say boo to a goose ein Hasenfuß sein iron pej fam

he's so shy he couldn't \say boo to a goose er ist so schüchtern, er könnte keiner Fliege etwas zuleide tun

▶ to \say cheese ‚cheese‘ sagen, „wo ist das Vögelchen?“ hum

▶ before sb could \say Jack Robinson bevor jd bis drei zählen konnte

▶ to \say uncle AM ( esp childspeak) sich akk geschlagen geben, aufgeben

▶ to \say the word Bescheid geben

just \say the word, and I'll come and help sag nur ein Wort und ich komme zu Hilfe

▶ you don't \say [so]! was du nicht sagst!

▶ you said it! ( fam) du sagst es!

II. INTRANSITIVE VERB

<said, said>

1. (state) sagen

where was he going? — he didn't \say wo wollte er hin? — das hat er nicht gesagt

is it possible? — who can \say? ist das möglich? — wer kann das schon sagen?

I appreciate the gesture more than I can \say ich kann gar nicht sagen, wie ich die Geste schätze

I can't \say for certain, but... ich kann es nicht mit Sicherheit behaupten, aber...

hard to \say schwer zu sagen

I can't \say das kann ich nicht sagen [o weiß ich nicht]

it's not for sb to \say es ist nicht an jdm, etw zu sagen

I think we should delay the introduction, but of course it's not for me to \say ich denke, wir sollten die Einführung hinausschieben, aber es steht mir natürlich nicht zu, das zu entscheiden

not to \say... um nicht zu sagen...

2. (believe) sagen

is Spanish a difficult language to learn? — they \say not ist Spanisch schwer zu lernen? — angeblich nicht

3. (to be explicit)

... that is to \say...... das heißt...

our friends, that is to \say our son's friends, will meet us at the airport unsere Freunde, genauer gesagt, die Freunde unseres Sohnes, werden uns am Flughafen treffen

that is not to \say das soll nicht heißen

he's so gullible, but that is not to \say that he is stupid er ist so leichtgläubig, aber das soll nicht heißen, dass er dumm ist

4. LAW

how \say you? wie lautet Ihr Urteil?

III. NOUN

no pl Meinung f

to have one's \say seine Meinung sagen

can't you keep quiet for a minute and let me have my \say? könnt ihr mal eine Minute ruhig sein, damit ich auch mal zu Wort kommen kann? fam

to have a/no \say in sth bei etw dat ein/kein Mitspracherecht haben

IV. ADJECTIVE

attr ( form)

▪ the said... der/die/das erwähnte [o genannte]...

V. INTERJECTION

1. AM ( fam: to attract attention) sag mal... fam

\say, how about going out tonight? sag mal, was hältst du davon, wenn wir heute Abend ausgehen? fam

I \say! BRIT ( dated) Donnerwetter! fam

I \say, what a splendid hat you're wearing! Donnerwetter, das ist ja ein toller Hut, den du da trägst! fam

2. (to show surprise, doubt etc.)

I [mean to [or must]] \say! [also,] ich muss [schon] sagen!; ( fam: for emphasis)

I'll \say! und wie!, das kann man wohl sagen! fam; (sl: to express doubt)

\says you! das glaubst aber auch nur du! fam

\says who? wer sagt das?

3. AM (expresses positive reaction) sag mal fam

\say, that's really a great idea! Mensch, das ist ja echt eine tolle Idee! fam

* * *
[seɪ] vb: pret, ptp said
1. TRANSITIVE/INTRANSITIVE VERB

1) sagen

you can say what you like (about it/me) — Sie können (darüber/über mich) sagen, was Sie wollen

I never thought I'd hear him say that — ich hätte nie gedacht, dass er das sagen würde

that's not for him to say — es steht ihm nicht zu, sich darüber zu äußern

he looks very smart, I'll say that for him —

if you see her, say I haven't changed my mind — wenn du sie siehst, sag ihr or richte ihr aus, dass ich es mir nicht anders überlegt habe

I'm not saying it's the best, but... — ich sage or behaupte ja nicht, dass es das Beste ist, aber...

though I say it myself — wenn ich das mal selbst sagen darf

never let it be said that I didn't try — es soll keiner sagen können or mir soll keiner nachsagen, ich hätte es nicht versucht

well, all I can say is... — na ja, da kann ich nur sagen...

it tastes, shall we say, interesting — das schmeckt aber, na, sagen wir mal interessant

you'd better do it – who says? —

well, what can I say? — na ja, was kann man da sagen?

what does it mean? – I wouldn't like to say — was bedeutet das? – das kann ich auch nicht sagen

having said that, I must point out... — ich muss allerdings darauf hinweisen...

so saying, he sat down — und mit den Worten setzte er sich

he didn't have much to say for himself — er sagte or redete nicht viel; (in defence) er konnte nicht viel (zu seiner Verteidigung) sagen

what have you got to say for yourself? — was haben Sie zu Ihrer Verteidigung zu sagen?

if you don't like it, say so —

why didn't you say so? — warum haben Sie das denn nicht gesagt?

do it this way – if you say so — machen Sie es so – wenn Sie meinen

2)

giving instructions he said to wait here — er hat gesagt, ich soll/wir sollen etc hier warten

3) = announce melden

who shall I say? — wen darf ich melden?

4) = recite poem aufsagen; prayer, text sprechen

say after me... — sprechen Sie mir nach...

5) = pronounce aussprechen

he can't say his r's — er kann kein R aussprechen

6) = indicate newspaper, dictionary, clock, horoscope sagen (inf); (thermometer) anzeigen, sagen (inf); (law, church, Bible, computer) sagen

it says in the papers that... — in den Zeitungen steht, dass...

what does the paper/this book/your horoscope etc say? — was steht in der Zeitung/diesem Buch/deinem Horoskop etc?

the rules say that... — in den Regeln heißt es, dass...

what does the weather forecast say? — wie ist or lautet (form) der Wetterbericht?

the weather forecast said that... —

what does your watch say? — wie spät ist es auf Ihrer Uhr?, was sagt Ihre Uhr? (inf)

did the news say anything about the strike? — kam in den Nachrichten etwas über den Streik?

they weren't allowed to say anything about it in the papers — sie durften in den Zeitungen nichts darüber schreiben

7) = tell sagen

it's hard to say what's wrong what does that say about his intentions/the main character? — es ist schwer zu sagen, was nicht stimmt was sagt das über seine Absichten/die Hauptperson aus?

that says a lot about his character/state of mind — das lässt tief auf seinen Charakter/Gemütszustand schließen

these figures say a lot about recent trends — diese Zahlen sind in Bezug auf neuere Tendenzen sehr aufschlussreich

and that's saying a lot — und das will schon etwas heißen

that's not saying much — das will nicht viel heißen

that doesn't say much for him —

that says a lot for him — das spricht für ihn

there's no saying — das weiß keiner

there's no saying what might happen — was (dann) passiert, das kann keiner vorhersagen

there's something/a lot to be said for being based in London — es spricht einiges/viel für ein Zuhause or (for a firm) für einen Sitz in London

8)

= suppose say it takes three men to... — angenommen, man braucht drei Leute, um zu...

if it happens on, say, Wednesday? — wenn es am, sagen wir mal Mittwoch, passiert?

9)

in suggestions what would you say to a whisky/game of tennis? — wie wärs mit einem Whisky/mit einer Partie Tennis?

shall we say Tuesday/£50? —

what did he say to your plan? — was hat er zu Ihrem Plan gesagt?

I'll offer £500, what do you say to that? —

what do you say we go now? (inf) — wie wärs or was hieltest du davon, wenn wir jetzt gingen?, was meinst du, sollen wir jetzt gehen?

let's try again, what d'you say? (inf) — was meinste, versuchen wirs noch mal? (inf)

what do you say? — was meinen Sie?

I wouldn't say no to a cup of tea — ich hätte nichts gegen eine Tasse Tee

he never says no to a drink — er schlägt einen Drink nie aus, er sagt nie Nein or nein zu einem Drink

10)

exclamatory well, I must say! —

I say! (dated) (to attract attention) I say, thanks awfully, old man! (dated) — na so was! hallo! na dann vielen Dank, altes Haus! (dated)

say, what a great idea! (esp US) — Mensch, tolle Idee! (inf)

say, buddy! (esp US) — he, Mann! (inf)

I should say so! — das möchte ich doch meinen!

you don't say! (also iro) — nein wirklich?, was du nicht sagst!

well said! — (ganz) richtig!

you('ve) said it! — Sie sagen es!

you can say that again! — das kann man wohl sagen!

say no more! — ich weiß Bescheid!

says you! (inf) — das meinst auch nur du! (inf)

says who? (inf) — wer sagt das?

and so say all of us — und wir stimmen alle zu

11)

set expressions (it's) easier said than done — das ist leichter gesagt als getan

no sooner said than done — gesagt, getan

when all is said and done — letzten Endes

they say..., it is said... — es heißt...

he is said to be very rich — er soll sehr reich sein, es heißt, er sei sehr reich

a building said to have been built by... — ein Gebäude, das angeblich von... gebaut wurde or das von... gebaut worden sein soll

it goes without saying that... —

that goes without saying — das ist selbstverständlich

that is to say — das heißt; (correcting also) beziehungsweise

that's not to say that... — das soll nicht heißen, dass...

the plan sounded vague, not to say impractical — der Plan klang vage, um nicht zu sagen unpraktisch

to say nothing of the noise/costs etc — von dem Lärm/den Kosten etc ganz zu schweigen or mal ganz abgesehen

to say nothing of being... — davon, dass ich/er etc... ganz zu schweigen or mal ganz abgesehen

enough said! — genug!

2. NOUN

1)

= opportunity to speak let him have his say — lass ihn mal reden or seine Meinung äußern

everyone should be allowed to have his say —

you've had your say — Sie haben Ihre Meinung äußern können

2) = right to decide etc Mitspracherecht nt (in bei)

to have no/a say in sth —

I want more say in determining... — ich möchte mehr Mitspracherecht bei der Entscheidung... haben

to have the last or final say (in sth) — (etw) letztlich entscheiden; (person also) das letzte Wort (bei etw) haben

* * *

say¹ [seı]

A v/t prät und pperf said [sed], 2. sg präs obs oder BIBEL say(e)st [ˈseı(ə)st], 3. sg präs says [sez], obs oder poet saith [seθ]

1. sagen, sprechen:

say yes to sth Ja zu etwas sagen;

they have little to say to each other sie haben sich wenig zu sagen; → goodby(e) A, jack¹ A 1, knife A 1

2. sagen, äußern, vorbringen, berichten:

have sth to say to ( oder with) etwas zu sagen haben in (dat) oder bei;

he has nothing to say for himself

a) er ist sehr zurückhaltend,

b) pej mit ihm ist nicht viel los;

have you nothing to say for yourself? hast du nichts zu deiner Rechtfertigung zu sagen?;

is that all you’ve got to say? ist das alles, was du zu sagen hast?;

the Bible says die Bibel sagt, in der Bibel heißt es oder steht;

people ( oder they) say he is ill, he is said to be ill man sagt oder es heißt, er sei krank; er soll krank sein;

what do you say to …? was hältst du von …?, wie wäre es mit …?;

it says es lautet (Schreiben etc);

it says here hier heißt es, hier steht (geschrieben);

my watch says 4:30 auf meiner Uhr ist es halb fünf;

what does your watch say? wie spät ist es auf deiner Uhr?;

you can say that again! das kannst du laut sagen!;

say no more (ist) schon gut!; → all C, bead A 2, nothing Bes Redew

3. sagen, behaupten, versprechen:

you said you would come; → soon 2

4. a) auch say over ein Gedicht etc auf-, hersagen

b) REL ein Gebet sprechen, ein Vaterunser etc beten: → grace A 11

c) KATH die Messe lesen

5. (be)sagen, bedeuten:

that is to say das heißt;

$500, say, five hundred dollars 500$, in Worten: fünfhundert Dollar;

(and) that’s saying sth (u.) das will was heißen;

that says it all das sagt alles

6. umg annehmen:

(let’s) say this happens angenommen oder nehmen wir (mal) an, das geschieht;

a sum of, say, $500 eine Summe von sagen wir (mal) 500 Dollar;

a country, say India ein Land wie (z. B.) Indien;

I should say ich würde sagen, ich dächte (schon)

B v/i

1. sagen, meinen:

it is hard to say es ist schwer zu sagen;

if you say so wenn du das sagst;

you may well say so das kann man wohl sagen;

you don’t say (so)! was du nicht sagst!;

say, haven’t I …? bes US umg sag mal, hab ich nicht …?;

I can’t say das kann ich nicht sagen;

as one ( oder you) might say könnte man sagen, sozusagen;

says he? umg sagt er?;

says who? umg wer sagt das?;

says you! sl das sagst du!, denkste!

2. I say

a) hör(en Sie) mal!, sag(en Sie) mal!,

b) (erstaunt od beifällig) Donnerwetter! umg, ich muss schon sagen!

C s

1. Ausspruch m, Behauptung f:

have one’s say seine Meinung äußern (to, on über akk oder zu)

2. Mitspracherecht n:

have a (no) say in sth etwas (nichts) zu sagen haben bei etwas;

let him have his say lass(t) ihn (doch auch mal) reden!

3. auch final say endgültige Entscheidung:

who has the say in this matter? wer hat in dieser Sache zu entscheiden oder das letzte Wort (zu sprechen)?

say² [seı] s ein feiner Wollstoff

* * *
1. transitive verb,
pres. t. he says, p.t. & p.p. said

1) sagen

say something out loud — etwas aussprechen od. laut sagen

he said something about going out — er hat etwas von Ausgehen gesagt

what more can I say? — was soll ich da noch [groß] sagen?

it says a lot or much or something for somebody/something that... — es spricht sehr für jemanden/etwas, dass...

have a lot/not much to say for oneself — viel reden/nicht viel von sich geben

to say nothing of — (quite apart from) ganz zu schweigen von; mal ganz abgesehen von

that is to say — das heißt

having said that, that said — (nevertheless) abgesehen davon

when all is said and done — letzten Endes

you can say that again, you said it — (coll.) das kannst du laut sagen (ugs.)

you don't say [so] — (coll.) was du nicht sagst (ugs.)

says you — (coll.) wer's glaubt, wird selig (ugs. scherzh.)

I'll say [it is]! — (coll.): (it certainly is) und wie!

don't let or never let it be said [that]... — niemand soll sagen können, [dass]...

I can't say [that] I like cats/the idea — ich kann nicht gerade sagen od. behaupten, dass ich Katzen mag/die Idee gut finde

[well,] I must say — also, ich muss schon sagen

I should say so/not — ich glaube schon/nicht; (emphatic) bestimmt/bestimmt nicht

what have you got to say for yourself? — was haben Sie zu Ihren Gunsten zu sagen?

there's something to be said on both sides/either side — man kann für beide Seiten/jede Seite Argumente anführen

I can't say fairer than that — ein besseres Angebot kann ich nicht machen

and so say all of us — der Meinung sind wir auch

what do or would you say to somebody/something? — (think about) was hältst du von jemandem/etwas?; was würdest du zu jemandem/etwas sagen?

what I'm trying to say is this — was ich sagen will, ist folgendes

say nothing to somebody — (fig.) [Musik, Kunst:] jemandem nichts bedeuten

which/that is not saying much or a lot — was nicht viel heißen will/das will nicht viel heißen

2) (recite, repeat, speak words of) sprechen [Gebet, Text]; aufsagen [Einmaleins, Gedicht]

3) (have specified wording or reading) sagen; [Zeitung:] schreiben; [Uhr:] zeigen [Uhrzeit]

the Bible says or it says in the Bible [that]... — in der Bibel heißt es, dass...

a sign saying... — ein Schild mit der Aufschrift...

what does it say here? — was steht hier?

4) in pass.

she is said to be clever/have done it — man sagt, sie sei klug/habe es getan
2. intransitive verb, forms as
1.

1) (speak) sagen

I say! — (Brit.) (seeking attention) Entschuldigung!; (admiring) Donnerwetter!

2) in imper. (Amer.) Mensch!
3. noun
1) (share in decision)

have a or some say — ein Mitspracherecht haben (in bei)

have no say — nichts zu sagen haben

2) (power of decision)

the [final] say — das letzte Wort (in bei)

3) (what one has to say)

have one's say — seine Meinung sagen; (chance to speak)

get one's or have a say — zu Wort kommen

* * *

v.

(§ p.,p.p.: said)

= sagen v.

English-german dictionary > say
16 Grammar

   1) Grammar as Analogous to a Scientific Theory

   I think that the failure to offer a precise account of the notion "grammar" is not just a superficial defect in linguistic theory that can be remedied by adding one more definition. It seems to me that until this notion is clarified, no part of linguistic theory can achieve anything like a satisfactory development.... I have been discussing a grammar of a particular language here as analogous to a particular scientific theory, dealing with its subject matter (the set of sentences of this language) much as embryology or physics deals with its subject matter. (Chomsky, 1964, p. 213)

   2) Native Speakers and Their Grammar

   Obviously, every speaker of a language has mastered and internalized a generative grammar that expresses his knowledge of his language. This is not to say that he is aware of the rules of grammar or even that he can become aware of them, or that his statements about his intuitive knowledge of his language are necessarily accurate. (Chomsky, 1965, p. 8)

   3) The Reduction of Transformation Rules In a Science of Grammar

   Much effort has been devoted to showing that the class of possible transformations can be substantially reduced without loss of descriptive power through the discovery of quite general conditions that all such rules and the representations they operate on and form must meet.... [The] transformational rules, at least for a substantial core grammar, can be reduced to the single rule, "Move alpha" (that is, "move any category anywhere"). (Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 21)

   4) The Relationship of Transformational Grammar to Semantics and to Human Performance

   he implications of assuming a semantic memory for what we might call "generative psycholinguistics" are: that dichotomous judgments of semantic well-formedness versus anomaly are not essential or inherent to language performance; that the transformational component of a grammar is the part most relevant to performance models; that a generative grammar's role should be viewed as restricted to language production, whereas sentence understanding should be treated as a problem of extracting a cognitive representation of a text's message; that until some theoretical notion of cognitive representation is incorporated into linguistic conceptions, they are unlikely to provide either powerful language-processing programs or psychologically relevant theories.

   Although these implications conﬂict with the way others have viewed the relationship of transformational grammars to semantics and to human performance, they do not eliminate the importance of such grammars to psychologists, an importance stressed in, and indeed largely created by, the work of Chomsky. It is precisely because of a growing interdependence between such linguistic theory and psychological performance models that their relationship needs to be clarified. (Quillian, 1968, p. 260)

   5) The Terminologies of Formal Grammar

   here are some terminological distinctions that are crucial to explain, or else confusions can easily arise. In the formal study of grammar, a language is defined as a set of sentences, possibly infinite, where each sentence is a string of symbols or words. One can think of each sentence as having several representations linked together: one for its sound pattern, one for its meaning, one for the string of words constituting it, possibly others for other data structures such as the "surface structure" and "deep structure" that are held to mediate the mapping between sound and meaning. Because no finite system can store an infinite number of sentences, and because humans in particular are clearly not pullstring dolls that emit sentences from a finite stored list, one must explain human language abilities by imputing to them a grammar, which in the technical sense is a finite rule system, or programme, or circuit design, capable of generating and recognizing the sentences of a particular language. This "mental grammar" or "psychogrammar" is the neural system that allows us to speak and understand the possible word sequences of our native tongue. A grammar for a specific language is obviously acquired by a human during childhood, but there must be neural circuitry that actually carries out the acquisition process in the child, and this circuitry may be called the language faculty or language acquisition device. An important part of the language faculty is universal grammar, an implementation of a set of principles or constraints that govern the possible form of any human grammar. (Pinker, 1996, p. 263)

   6) The Theory of Grammar

   A grammar of language L is essentially a theory of L. Any scientific theory is based on a finite number of observations, and it seeks to relate the observed phenomena and to predict new phenomena by constructing general laws in terms of hypothetical constructs.... Similarly a grammar of English is based on a finite corpus of utterances (observations), and it will contain certain grammatical rules (laws) stated in terms of the particular phonemes, phrases, etc., of English (hypothetical constructs). These rules express structural relations among the sentences of the corpus and the infinite number of sentences generated by the grammar beyond the corpus (predictions). (Chomsky, 1957, p. 49)

Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Grammar
17 mind

{maind}
I. 1. ум, разум, разсъдък, интелект
to be in one's right MIND нормален съм
to be out of one's MIND луд/побъркан съм
to go out of one's MIND полудявам
of sound MIND нормален, здравомислещ
great MINDs велики умове
no two MINDs think alike всеки си разсъждава посвоему
2. дух, съзнание, манталитет, мисловност
absence of MIND разсеяност
presence of MIND присъствие на духа, самообладание
I can't get that out of my MIND не мога да избия това от главата си, все за това мисля
to have something on one's MIND загрижен съм, нещо ми тежи
strength of MIND волевост
3. мнение, мисъл, намерение, решение, воля, внимание
to be of someone's MIND, to be of the same MIND as someone, to be of a MIND with someone съгласен съм с някого, единодушни/на същото мнение сме с някого
to be in two MINDs about двоумя се/колебая се относно
to give/put/set/turn one's MIND to съcредоточавам се върху
to bend someone's MIND разг. повлиявам някому
to blow someone's MIND разг. възбуждам някого (силно) (за наркотично средство)
to have something in MIND намислил съм нещо, имам нещо предвид
to keep one's MIND on something съсредоточавам се върху/мисля за нещо
to close/shut one's MIND to не възприемам, не желая да видя/възприема
nothing was further from his MIND съвсем нямаше такова намерение
to make up one's MIND (about something) решавам (се) (на нещо)
to make up one's MIND to something примирявам се с нещо
to make up one's MIND to do something решавам (се) да направя нещо
to change one's MIND променям решението си
to give someone a piece of one's MIND накастрям/нарязвам някого
to have half a MIND to почти съм склонен да
to have a good MIND to иде ми да
to know one's own MIND знам какво искам
to speak one's MIND казвам това, което мисля
to take someone's MIND off something отвличам вниманието на някого от нещо
to my MIND по мое мнение, по мой вкус
4. памет, спомен
to bear/keep in MIND не забравям, спомням си, имам грижата за, имам предвид
to put someone in MIND of напомням някому за (нещо)
to put out of one's MIND забравям съзнателно
to bring/recall something to someone's MIND припомням някому нещо
II. 1. грижа се за, гледам, пазя, внимавам
MIND the baby! пази/гледай детето! MIND the step! внимавай, има стъпало! to MIND one's own business/affairs гледам си работата, не се бъркам в чужди работи
MIND you're not late! гледай да не/хем да не закъснееш! MIND the paint/the dog! пази се от боята/кучето! I have no objection, MIND (you) забележете (добре), нямам възражения
2. помня, не забравям, обръщам внимание на, спазвам
to MIND the rules спазвам правилата
I don't MIND what people say не ме интересува какво ще кажат хората
who MINDs what he says? кой му обръща внимание/го бръсне? never MIND him не му обръщай внимание
never MIND the expense няма значение колко струва
3. уважавам
to MIND one's elders уважавам постарите
4. обик. в отр. и въпрос. изр. имам нещо против, не съм съгласен, не ми харесва, тежи ми
do you MIND my smoking/if I smoke? имате ли нещо против, ако запуша? would you MIND opening the window? бихте ли отворили прозореца? моля, отвороте прозореца! I don't MIND все ми е едно, безразлично ми е, съгласен съм, може, бива
I don't MIND the cold издържам на студ
I don't MIND hard work, but I do MIND commuting in winter не ми тежи тежката работа, но възразявам срещу пътуването до работата зиме
I shouldn't MIND a cup of tea с удоволствие бих изпил/пийвам чаша чай
will you have some more cake? -I don't MIND if I do! искаш ли още кейк? -може! to MIND one's P's and Q's говоря/действувам предпазливо, спазвам приличието
to MIND the shop, ам. store прен. разпореждам се
never MIND! нищо! няма значение!

* * *

{maind} n 1. ум, разум, разсъдък; интелект; to be in o.'s right (2) {maind} v 1. грижа се за; гледам; пазя; внимавам; mind the baby

* * *

съзнание; ум; уважавам; решение; склонност; пазя; помня; внимавам; психика; разум; против; разсъдък; дух; гледам; мисловност; мисъл; мнение; манталитет; намерение; наглеждам; нрав;

* * *
1. absence of mind разсеяност 2. do you mind my smoking/if i smoke? имате ли нещо против, ако запуша? would you mind opening the window? бихте ли отворили прозореца? моля, отвороте прозореца! i don't mind все ми е едно, безразлично ми е, съгласен съм, може, бива 3. great minds велики умове 4. i can't get that out of my mind не мога да избия това от главата си, все за това мисля 5. i don't mind hard work, but i do mind commuting in winter не ми тежи тежката работа, но възразявам срещу пътуването до работата зиме 6. i don't mind the cold издържам на студ 7. i don't mind what people say не ме интересува какво ще кажат хората 8. i shouldn't mind a cup of tea с удоволствие бих изпил/пийвам чаша чай 9. i. ум, разум, разсъдък, интелект 10. ii. грижа се за, гледам, пазя, внимавам 11. mind the baby! пази/гледай детето! mind the step! внимавай, има стъпало! to mind one's own business/affairs гледам си работата, не се бъркам в чужди работи 12. mind you're not late! гледай да не/хем да не закъснееш! mind the paint/the dog! пази се от боята/кучето! i have no objection, mind (you) забележете (добре), нямам възражения 13. never mind the expense няма значение колко струва 14. never mind! нищо! няма значение! 15. no two minds think alike всеки си разсъждава посвоему 16. nothing was further from his mind съвсем нямаше такова намерение 17. of sound mind нормален, здравомислещ 18. presence of mind присъствие на духа, самообладание 19. strength of mind волевост 20. to be in one's right mind нормален съм 21. to be in two minds about двоумя се/колебая се относно 22. to be of someone's mind, to be of the same mind as someone, to be of a mind with someone съгласен съм с някого, единодушни/на същото мнение сме с някого 23. to be out of one's mind луд/побъркан съм 24. to bear/keep in mind не забравям, спомням си, имам грижата за, имам предвид 25. to bend someone's mind разг. повлиявам някому 26. to blow someone's mind разг. възбуждам някого (силно) (за наркотично средство) 27. to bring/recall something to someone's mind припомням някому нещо 28. to change one's mind променям решението си 29. to close/shut one's mind to не възприемам, не желая да видя/възприема 30. to give someone a piece of one's mind накастрям/нарязвам някого 31. to give/put/set/turn one's mind to съcредоточавам се върху 32. to go out of one's mind полудявам 33. to have a good mind to иде ми да 34. to have half a mind to почти съм склонен да 35. to have something in mind намислил съм нещо, имам нещо предвид 36. to have something on one's mind загрижен съм, нещо ми тежи 37. to keep one's mind on something съсредоточавам се върху/мисля за нещо 38. to know one's own mind знам какво искам 39. to make up one's mind (about something) решавам (се) (на нещо) 40. to make up one's mind to do something решавам (се) да направя нещо 41. to make up one's mind to something примирявам се с нещо 42. to mind one's elders уважавам постарите 43. to mind the rules спазвам правилата 44. to mind the shop, ам. store прен. разпореждам се 45. to my mind по мое мнение, по мой вкус 46. to put out of one's mind забравям съзнателно 47. to put someone in mind of напомням някому за (нещо) 48. to speak one's mind казвам това, което мисля 49. to take someone's mind off something отвличам вниманието на някого от нещо 50. who minds what he says? кой му обръща внимание/го бръсне? never mind him не му обръщай внимание 51. will you have some more cake? -i don't mind if i do! искаш ли още кейк? -може! to mind one's p's and q's говоря/действувам предпазливо, спазвам приличието 52. дух, съзнание, манталитет, мисловност 53. мнение, мисъл, намерение, решение, воля, внимание 54. обик. в отр. и въпрос. изр. имам нещо против, не съм съгласен, не ми харесва, тежи ми 55. памет, спомен 56. помня, не забравям, обръщам внимание на, спазвам 57. уважавам
* * *

mind [maind] I. n 1. ум, разум, разсъдък; интелект; to be in o.'s right \mind нормален съм; to be out of o.'s \mind побъркан (луд) съм; to blow o.'s \mind разг. 1) изпадам в екстаз, халюцинирам (след употреба на наркотици); 2) възмущавам, изкарвам от равновесие; 3) поразявам, смайвам, слисвам, шашвам; \mind over matter интелектът побеждава (стои над) физиката; it has gone clear out of my \mind съвсем ми щукна из ума; to bring o.'s \mind to осъзнавам, проумявам, става ми ясно; of sound \mind нормален, здравомислещ; great \minds великите умове; to bore ( scare) s.o. out of their \mind отегчавам (изплашвам) някого до смърт; 2. дух, съзнание; to wander in o.'s \mind бълнувам, говоря несвързано; 3. нрав; начин на мислене, манталитет, мисловност; high \mind великодушие, благородство; turn of \mind темперамент, манталитет; strength of \mind силна воля; peace of \mind душевно спокойствие; state of \mind състояние, разположение на духа; absence of \mind разсеяност; presence of \mind присъствие на духа, самообладание; to have a one-track \mind ограничен, тесногръд; to be easy in o.'s \mind спокоен съм, не се тревожа; I can't get that out of my \mind не мога да избия това от главата си; frame of \mind настроение, разположение; to have s.th. in o.'s \mind загрижен съм, нещо ми тежи; to keep o.'s \mind on съсредоточавам се върху; to close ( shut) o.'s \mind to s.th. не обръщам внимание на, прен. затварям си очите, отказвам да разбера; the \minds of men were roused духовете бяха възбудени; 4. склонност, вкус; to find s.th. to o.'s \mind нещо ми допада, по вкуса ми е; to have a month's \mind to s.o. (to do s.th.) изпитвам силно влечение към някого; имам голямо желание да, горя от нетърпение да; 5. мнение, мисъл, намерение; решение; to be of s.o.'s \mind, to be of like ( the same) \mind as s.o., to be of a \mind with s.o. съгласен съм, единодушни сме с някого, споделям мнението на някого, на същото мнение съм като някого; to be (have s.th.) on o.'s \mind вълнувам, тревожа, ангажирам вниманието (мислите) на някого; to be in two \minds двоумя се, колебая се; to know o.'s own \mind знам какво искам; действам решително; to change o.'s \mind променям решението си; to make up o.'s \mind решавам (се); to give s.o. a piece of o.'s \mind скастрям, нарязвам някого, давам някому да се разбере; to make s.o.'s \mind easy; to put s.o.' s \mind at ease успокоявам някого, разсейвам нечии съмнения (мрачни мисли); to have half a \mind to почти съм склонен да; to have a good \mind to почти съм решил да, ще ми се да; to have s.th. in \mind имам нещо предвид; to set o.'s \mind on ( upon) s.th. поставям си за цел, заемам се сериозно с, концентрирам се върху; to speak o.'s \mind казвам това, което мисля, говоря искрено; to my \mind според мен, по мое мнение; 6. във фрази: спомен, памет; to bear ( keep) in \mind не забравям, спомням си, имам грижата за; вземам предвид; вземам си бележка; to bring, (re)call s.th. to s.o.'s \mind припомням някому нещо; to call s.th. to \mind спомням си, припомням си; to cast o.'s \mind back спомням си миналото, връщам се мислено към (с to); he puts me in \mind of his father той ми напомня на баща си; to go ( pass) out of \mind забравя се; out of sight, out of \mind далеч от очите, далеч от сърцето; time out of \mind от незапомнени времена; II. v 1. обръщам внимание на, имам грижата за; don't \mind what other people say не слушай какво казват другите; to \mind o.'s own business не се бъркам в чужди работи; to \mind rules спазвам правила; 2. обръщам внимание на, уважавам; you ought to \mind your elders би трябвало да слушате старите хора; 3. внимавам; пазя, полагам грижи за, гледам; I did not say so, \mind you! забележете добре, аз не казах това! to \mind the child гледам (наглеждам) детето; \mind the paint! пази се от боята! внимание, боя! \mind what you say ( your language, your tongue)! мери си думите! \mind you are not late! гледайте да (хем да) не закъснеете! \mind yourself! (\mind your eye! sl) отваряй си очите, пази се! to \mind o.'s p's and q's говоря (действам) предпазливо; спазвам приличието; 4. помня (главно в imp); \mind what was told you! да не забравиш какво ти казаха! 5. (обикн. в отриц. и въпр. изречение) имам нещо против, не ми се харесва, тежи ми; do you \mind my smoking? имате ли нещо против да запуша? if you don't \mind ако нямате нищо против, ако това не Ви безпокои; would you \mind shutting the door? бихте ли затворили вратата? моля Ви, затворете вратата; I don't \mind все ми е едно, безразлично ми е; съгласен съм, може, бива; I don't \mind the cold издържам на студ; I don't \mind hard work, but I \mind insufficient pay трудната работа не ми тежи, но възразявам срещу недостатъчното заплащане; I should not \mind a cup of tea с удоволствие бих изпил чашка чай; never \mind! все едно; нищо; няма значение; не се безпокойте! never \mind him! не му обръщай внимание, не го гледай него! never \mind the remainder задръжте рестото; never you \mind! това е моя работа, не се бъркайте! will you have some cheese? - I don't \mind if I do искате ли малко сирене? - може; who \minds what he says? прен. кой го бръсне?

English-Bulgarian dictionary > mind
18 talk

to:k
1. verb
1) (to speak; to have a conversation or discussion: We talked about it for hours; My parrot can talk (= imitate human speech).) hablar

2) (to gossip: You can't stay here - people will talk!) hablar, chismorrear

3) (to talk about: They spent the whole time talking philosophy.) hablar (de/sobre)

2. noun
1) ((sometimes in plural) a conversation or discussion: We had a long talk about it; The Prime Ministers met for talks on their countries' economic problems.) conversación

2) (a lecture: The doctor gave us a talk on family health.) conferencia

3) (gossip: Her behaviour causes a lot of talk among the neighbours.) comentario, chismorreo, cotilleo

4) (useless discussion; statements of things a person says he will do but which will never actually be done: There's too much talk and not enough action.) palabra(s), palabreo, palabrería, charlatanería

•

- talkative
- talking book
- talking head
- talking-point
- talk show
- talking-to
- talk back
- talk big
- talk down to
- talk someone into / out of doing
- talk into / out of doing
- talk someone into / out of
- talk into / out of
- talk over
- talk round
- talk sense/nonsense
- talk shop

talk¹ n conversación / charla

I had a talk with your teacher tuve una charla con tu profesor

the policeman gave a talk on road safety el policía habló sobre la seguridad vial

talk² vb hablar

he never talks about his past nunca habla de su pasado

talk

tr[tɔːk]

intransitive verb

1 (gen) hablar (to, con/a)

■ I'd like to talk to you for a minute quisiera hablar contigo un momento

■ what were you talking about? ¿de qué hablabais?

■ everyone was talking at once todos hablaban a la vez

■ he talks to himself habla consigo mismo

2 (negotiate) negociar

■ the leaders agreed to talk los líderes acordaron negociar

3 (gossip) hablar, chismorrear

■ you know how people love to talk sabes cómo a la gente le encanta chismorrear

transitive verb

1 hablar (about/of, de)

■ let's talk business hablemos de negocios

■ don't talk nonsense no digas tonterías

noun

1 (conversation) conversación nombre femenino

2 (lecture) charla, conferencia

■ she gave a talk on the Spanish Civil War dio una charla sobre la Guerra Civil Española

3 (rumour) rumor nombre masculino, voz nombre femenino

■ there is talk of his resigning se habla de la posibilidad de que dimita

plural noun talks

1 negociaciones nombre femenino plural

■ the management and the unions met for talks el patronal y los sindicatos se reuniron para negociar

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

it's just talk son cosas que se dicen, son rumores

look who's talking quién lo dice, mira quién habla

not to have a clue what one is talking about no tener la menor idea de qué habla

now you're talking eso sí que me interesa

talk about luck! ¡vaya suerte!

talk of the devil hablando del rey de Roma, (por la puerta asoma)

to be all talk (and no action) no hacer nada más que hablar

to be the talk of the town ser la comidilla de todos

to know what one is talking about hablar con conocimiento de causa

to talk big fanfarronear, farolear, presumir, exagerar

to talk somebody into something convencer a alguien para que haga algo

to talk somebody out of something disuadir a alguien de hacer algo

to talk sense hablar con sentido común

to talk shop hablar del trabajo

to talk through one's hat decir tonterías, hablar sin pies ni cabeza

to talk turkey hablar a las claras, hablar con franqueza

you can talk y tú que lo digas

pillow talk conversación nombre femenino íntima (en la cama)

talk show programa nombre masculino de entrevistas

talk ['tɔk] vi

1) : hablar

he talks for hours: se pasa horas hablando

2) chat: charlar, platicar

talk vt

1) speak: hablar

to talk French: hablar francés

to talk business: hablar de negocios

2) persuade: influenciar, convencer

she talked me out of it: me convenció que no lo hiciera

3)

to talk over discuss: hablar de, discutir

talk n

1) conversation: charla f, plática f, conversación f

2) gossip, rumor: chisme m, rumores mpl

talk

n.

• charla s.f.

• conferencia s.f.

• habla s.f.

• palabras s.f.pl.

• parlatorio s.m.

• plático s.m.

v.

• charlar v.

• hablar v.

• parlar v.

• platicar v.

I
1. [tɔːk] intransitive verb
1)

a) ( speak) hablar; ( converse) hablar, platicar* (esp AmC, Méx);

everyone stopped talking — todo el mundo se calló

stop talking! — ¡silencio!

he never stops talking — no para de hablar, habla hasta por los codos (fam)

they talked and talked — hablaron largo y tendido

he doesn't know what he's talking about — no tiene idea de lo que está hablando

the year's most talked-about event — el acontecimiento más comentado del año

you ate it all? talk about greedy! — (colloq) ¿te lo comiste todo? ¡hay que ser glotón!

for a basic kit you're talking about $900 — (colloq) para un equipo básico hay que pensar en unos 900 dólares

talking of which, how was your exam? — a propósito, ¿cómo te fue el examen?

you can talk! o you can't talk! o look who's talking! — (colloq) ¡mira quién habla!

now you're talking! — (colloq) ¡así se habla!

- to talk ABOUT somebody something
- to talk OF something -ING
- to talk TO somebody
- to talk WITH somebody

b) talking pres p < doll> que habla; < book/> grabado

2)

a) ( have discussion) hablar

is there somewhere we can talk? — ¿podemos hablar en privado?

the two sides are ready to talk — las dos partes están dispuestas a negociar

- to talk ABOUT something

b) ( give talk)

- to talk ABOUT/ON something

c) ( gossip) hablar

you can't stop people talking — no se puede evitar que la gente haga comentarios

2. vt
1) ( speak) (colloq):

they were talking Italian — hablaban (en) italiano

to talk golf/economics — hablar de golf/economía

don't talk nonsense! — ¡no digas tonterías!

2) (argue, persuade)

he talked me into doing it — me convenció de que lo hiciera

see if you can talk her out of it! — a ver si puedes convencerla de que no lo haga

- to talk somebody INTO/OUT OF something/-ING
- to talk one's way out of/into something
- to talk oneself out of/into something

Phrasal Verbs:

- talk around

- talk back

- talk down

- talk down to

- talk over

- talk round
- talk through
II
noun

1) c

a) ( conversation) conversación f

it's time we had a little talk — ya es hora de que hablemos seriamente

I had a long talk with him — estuve hablando or (AmC, Méx tb) platicando un rato largo con él

b) ( lecture) charla f

to give a talk about o on something — dar* una charla sobre algo

c) talks pl ( negotiations) conversaciones fpl, negociaciones fpl

to have o hold talks — mantener* or sostener* conversaciones

the two leaders met for talks — los dos líderes se reunieron para dialogar

2) u

a) (suggestion, rumor)

there is talk of his retiring — se habla de que or corre la voz de que se va a jubilar

it was the talk of the town — (set phrase) era la comidilla del lugar

b) ( words) (colloq & pej) palabrería f (fam & pey), palabras fpl

it's just talk! — es pura palabrería (fam & pey), no son más que palabras

to be all talk (and no action) — hablar mucho y no hacer* nada

[tɔːk]
1. N

1) (=conversation) conversación f, charla f, plática f (Mex)

I enjoyed our (little) talk — disfruté de nuestra (pequeña) conversación or charla

• to have a talk (with sb) — hablar (con algn), tener una conversación (con algn)

I think it's time we had a talk — creo que es hora de que hablemos (seriamente)

• we had a long talk over supper — hablamos largo y tendido durante la cena

2) (=lecture) charla f

• to give a talk (on sth) — dar una charla (sobre algo)

3) talks (=negotiations) (gen) conversaciones fpl, pláticas fpl (Mex); (with defined aim) negociaciones fpl

the foreign secretary will be holding talks with his French counterpart — el ministro de asuntos exteriores mantendrá conversaciones con su homólogo francés

4) (=rumours) rumores mpl

there is some talk of his resigning — se habla de or corren rumores sobre su posible dimisión

there's been a lot of talk about you two — se ha hablado mucho de vosotros dos, están circulando muchos rumores acerca de vosotros dos

any talk of divorce is just wild speculation — cualquier rumor acerca de un divorcio no es más que pura especulación

- be the talk of the town

5) (=remarks)

that's the kind of talk we could do without — esos comentarios sobran

careless talk costs lives — las palabras dichas a la ligera cuestan vidas
small 4.
6) (=speech, language) lenguaje m

children's talk — lenguaje m infantil or de niños

7) (=hot air) pej palabrería f, cuento m

it's just talk — es pura palabrería, es todo cuento

he'll never give up smoking, he's all talk — nunca va a dejar de fumar, mucho hablar pero luego nada or no es más que un cuentista

he's all talk and no action — ¿ése? ¡mucho ruido y pocas nueces!, habla mucho pero no hace nada

2. VI

1) (=speak) hablar

she can't talk yet — aún no sabe hablar

can you talk a little more slowly? — ¿podría hablar un poquito más despacio?

a doll that can talk — una muñeca que habla

it's easy for you to talk — para ti es fácil hablar

he talks too much — habla demasiado

she never stops talking — no deja or para de hablar

• I wasn't talking about you — no hablaba de ti

he doesn't know what he's talking about — no sabe de qué habla

everyone's talking about him — anda en boca de todos

it's the most talked-about film this year — es la película más comentada del año

we're talking about a potentially enormous loss here — estamos hablando de una pérdida potencialmente enorme

talk about rich! he's absolutely loaded * — ¡vaya que si es rico! ¡está forrado! *

talk about a stroke of luck! * — ¡qué suerte!

• to talk big — (fig) darse importancia, fanfarronear

• "and she's so untidy around the house" - "you can talk! or look who's talking!" — -y además, es tan desordenada en casa -¡mira quién habla! or -¡mira quién fue a hablar!

• now you're talking! — ¡así se habla!

• talking of films, have you seen...? — hablando de películas, ¿has visto...?

• don't talk to your mother like that! — ¡no le hables así a tu madre!

I'm not talking to him any more — ya no me hablo con él

• the way you talk you'd think this was all my fault! — ¡oyéndote hablar cualquiera diría que toda la culpa es mía!

- money talks

- talk of the devil!

- talk through one's hat
dirty 2., 2)
2) (=converse) hablar, platicar (Mex) (to con)

we talked all night — nos pasamos toda la noche hablando

I was only talking to her last week — si justo estuve hablando con ella la semana pasada

stop talking! — ¡callaos!, ¡dejad de hablar!

she had no one to talk to — no tenía con quién hablar

who were you talking to on the phone just now? — ¿con quién hablabas (por teléfono) ahora mismo?

were you talking to me? — ¿me hablas a mí?

to talk to o.s. — hablar solo

• to talk about sth/sb — hablar de algo/algn

they talked about old times — hablaron de los viejos tiempos

I don't want to talk about it — no quiero hablar de ello

• the sort of person who talks at you rather than to you — el tipo de persona que habla mucho pero no escucha nada

• to get talking — ponerse a hablar, entablar conversación

• to keep sb talking — dar charla a algn para entretenerlo, entretener a algn hablando

• it was easy to talk with her — era fácil hablar con ella

3) (=have discussion) hablar, hablar seriamente

we really need to talk — tenemos que hablar (seriamente)

the two sides need to sit down and talk — las dos partes necesitan reunirse para hablar (seriamente)

GA and Fox Ltd might be talking — puede que GA y Fox Ltd estén manteniendo negociaciones

to talk (to sb) about sth — discutir algo (con algn)

the two companies are talking about a possible merger — las dos empresas están discutiendo or negociando una posible fusión

4) (=gossip) hablar ( about de)

people will talk — la gente hablará or murmurará

5) (=lecture) dar una charla, hablar (about, on de, sobre)

he'll be talking on his life in India — dará una charla sobre su vida en la India, hablará de or sobre su vida en la India

6) (=reveal information) hablar

we have ways of making you talk — sabemos cómo hacerle hablar

3. VT

1) (=speak) hablar

they were talking Arabic — hablaban (en) árabe

we're talking big money here * — estamos hablando de mucho dinero

she talked herself hoarse — habló tanto que se quedó afónica

• to talk nonsense, talk rubbish — decir tonterías

• to talk sense — hablar con juicio or sensatez

- talk the hind legs off a donkey

2) (=discuss) hablar de

we were talking politics/business — hablábamos de política/negocios

- talk shop

3) (=persuade)

• to talk sb into doing sth — convencer a algn de que haga algo

I was a fool to have let her talk me into it — fui idiota por dejarle convencerme

ok! you've talked me into it — ¡vale! me has convencido

I talked myself into believing it — yo solo me terminé convenciendo de que era cierto

• to talk sb out of doing sth — convencer a algn de que no haga algo, disuadir a algn de que haga algo

we managed to talk him out of it — conseguimos convencerle de que no lo hiciera, conseguimos disuadirle de que lo hiciera

he performed so badly in the interview he talked himself out of the job — habló tan mal en la entrevista que consiguió que no le dieran el puesto

• he managed to talk his way out of a prison sentence — habló de tal manera que no le condenaron a pena de cárcel

4.

CPD

talk radio N — radio f hablada

talk show N — (Rad, TV) programa m de entrevistas

talk time N — (on mobile phone) tiempo m de conversación

- talk around

- talk back

- talk down

- talk on

- talk out

- talk over

- talk round

- talk through

- talk up

* * *

I
1. [tɔːk] intransitive verb
1)

a) ( speak) hablar; ( converse) hablar, platicar* (esp AmC, Méx);

everyone stopped talking — todo el mundo se calló

stop talking! — ¡silencio!

he never stops talking — no para de hablar, habla hasta por los codos (fam)

they talked and talked — hablaron largo y tendido

he doesn't know what he's talking about — no tiene idea de lo que está hablando

the year's most talked-about event — el acontecimiento más comentado del año

you ate it all? talk about greedy! — (colloq) ¿te lo comiste todo? ¡hay que ser glotón!

for a basic kit you're talking about $900 — (colloq) para un equipo básico hay que pensar en unos 900 dólares

talking of which, how was your exam? — a propósito, ¿cómo te fue el examen?

you can talk! o you can't talk! o look who's talking! — (colloq) ¡mira quién habla!

now you're talking! — (colloq) ¡así se habla!

- to talk ABOUT somebody something
- to talk OF something -ING
- to talk TO somebody
- to talk WITH somebody

b) talking pres p < doll> que habla; < book/> grabado

2)

a) ( have discussion) hablar

is there somewhere we can talk? — ¿podemos hablar en privado?

the two sides are ready to talk — las dos partes están dispuestas a negociar

- to talk ABOUT something

b) ( give talk)

- to talk ABOUT/ON something

c) ( gossip) hablar

you can't stop people talking — no se puede evitar que la gente haga comentarios

2. vt
1) ( speak) (colloq):

they were talking Italian — hablaban (en) italiano

to talk golf/economics — hablar de golf/economía

don't talk nonsense! — ¡no digas tonterías!

2) (argue, persuade)

he talked me into doing it — me convenció de que lo hiciera

see if you can talk her out of it! — a ver si puedes convencerla de que no lo haga

- to talk somebody INTO/OUT OF something/-ING
- to talk one's way out of/into something
- to talk oneself out of/into something

Phrasal Verbs:

- talk around

- talk back

- talk down

- talk down to

- talk over

- talk round
- talk through
II
noun

1) c

a) ( conversation) conversación f

it's time we had a little talk — ya es hora de que hablemos seriamente

I had a long talk with him — estuve hablando or (AmC, Méx tb) platicando un rato largo con él

b) ( lecture) charla f

to give a talk about o on something — dar* una charla sobre algo

c) talks pl ( negotiations) conversaciones fpl, negociaciones fpl

to have o hold talks — mantener* or sostener* conversaciones

the two leaders met for talks — los dos líderes se reunieron para dialogar

2) u

a) (suggestion, rumor)

there is talk of his retiring — se habla de que or corre la voz de que se va a jubilar

it was the talk of the town — (set phrase) era la comidilla del lugar

b) ( words) (colloq & pej) palabrería f (fam & pey), palabras fpl

it's just talk! — es pura palabrería (fam & pey), no son más que palabras

to be all talk (and no action) — hablar mucho y no hacer* nada

English-spanish dictionary > talk
19 out

(to allow to come in, go out: Let me in!; I let the dog out.) dejar entrar/salir

out adv

1. fuera

they're out in the garden están fuera, en el jardín

En muchos casos out no se traduce por fuera

don't let the baby get out no dejes que se escape el bebé

she took her purse out sacó el monedero

my father is in, but my mother has gone out mi padre está en casa, pero mi madre ha salido

2. apagado

the lights are out las luces están apagadas

3. en voz alta

he called out my name gritó mi nombre

out

tr[aʊt]

adverb

1 (outside) fuera, afuera

■ she's out in the garden está en el jardín

■ I locked myself out me quedé fuera sin llaves

■ could you wait out there? ¿podrías esperar allí fuera?

■ is it cold out? ¿hace frío en la calle?

2 (move outside) fuera

■ I was just on my way out estaba a punto de salir

■ get out! ¡fuera!

■ she ran out salió corriendo

■ they've gone out han salido

3 (not in) fuera

■ there's no answer, they must be out no contestan, deben de haber salido

■ shall we eat out? ¿comemos fuera?

4 (expressing distance) en

■ they live out in the country viven en el campo

■ out at sea en alta mar

■ out in the Sudan en Sudán

■ they went to live out east se fueron a vivir a oriente

5 (expressing removal) diferentes traducciones

■ he tore a page out from the book arrancó una página del libro

■ I've had a tooth out me han sacado una muela

■ she got out a handkerchief sacó un pañuelo

6 (showing disappearance) diferentes traducciones

■ rub that word out borra esa palabra

■ our money ran out se nos acabó el dinero

■ this grease stain won't come out esta mancha de grasa no sale

7 (available, existing) diferentes traducciones

■ when will her new book be out? ¿cuándo saldrá su nuevo libro?

■ the film comes out next month la película se estrenará el mes que viene

■ it's the best sandwich out es el mejor bocadillo que hay

8 (known) diferentes traducciones

■ your secret's out tu secreto ha salido a la luz

■ the news is out se sabe la noticia

9 (flowers) en flor; (sun, stars, etc) que ha salido

■ the tulips are out los tulipanes están en flor

■ the sun's out ha salido el sol, brilla el sol, hace sol

10 (protruding) que se sale

■ a nail sticking out un clavo que sobresale

■ his stomach sticks out le sale la barriga

■ she held out her hand tendió la mano

■ don't put your tongue out! ¡no saques la lengua!

11 (clearly, loudly) en voz alta

■ he called out to me me llamó en voz alta

■ she said it out loud lo dijo en voz alta

12 (to the end) hasta el final; (completely) completamente, totalmente

■ hear me out escúchame hasta el final

■ the house was burnt out la casa fue destruida totalmente por las llamas

■ we've sold out of sugar hemos vendido todo el azúcar

13 SMALLRADIO/SMALL (end of message) fuera

adjective

1 (extinguished) apagado,-a

■ the lights are out las luces están apagadas

■ they put the fire out apagaron el fuego

2 (unconscious) inconsciente; (asleep) dormido,-a

■ she passed out se desmayó

■ the boxer knocked his opponent out el boxeador dejó K.O. a su contrincante

■ he went out like a light se durmió como un tronco

3 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (defeated) eliminado,-a; (out of play) fuera

■ he's out! ¡lo han eliminado!

■ his volley was out su volea ha ido fuera

4 (wrong, not accurate) equivocado,-a

■ my calculation was out by £5 mi cálculo tenía un error de 5 libras

5 (not fashionable) pasado,-a de moda

■ white socks are out los calcetines blancos ya no se llevan

6 (out of order) estropeado,-a

■ the photocopier's out la fotocopiadora no funciona

7 (unacceptable) prohibido,-a

8 (on strike) en huelga

■ the miners are out again los mineros vuelven a estar en huelga

9 (tide) bajo,-a

10 (over, finished) acabado,-a

■ before the year is out antes de que acabe el año

■ school's out han terminado las clases

preposition

1 familiar (out of) por

■ she ran out the door salió por la puerta

■ I threw it out the window lo tiré por la ventana

preposition out of

1 (away from, no longer in) fuera de

■ they're out of town están fuera de la ciudad

■ he's just got out of bed se acaba de levantar

■ she walked out of the meeting abandonó la reunión

■ it fell out of his pocket cayó de su bolsillo

2 (from a state of) fuera de

■ out of danger fuera de peligro

■ out of control fuera de control

■ out of print agotado,-a

■ out of earshot fuera del alcance del oído

3 (not involved in) fuera de

■ they are out of the cup han quedado fuera de la copa

4 (from among) de

■ eight smokers out of ten ocho de cada diez fumadores

■ she got five out of ten in French sacó (un) cinco sobre diez en francés

5 (without) sin

■ we're out of tea se nos ha acabado el té, nos hemos quedado sin té

■ out of money sin dinero

■ out of breath sin aliento

■ I'm out of practice me falta práctica

■ he's out of work está parado, está sin trabajo

6 (because of) por

■ out of spite por despecho

■ out of respect por respeto

7 (using, made from) de

■ made out of wood hecho,-a de madera

■ the suit is made out of wool el traje es de lana

8 (from) de

■ out of a tin de una lata

■ out of a book de un libro

\

SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL

out of favour en desgracia

out of sight, out of mind ojos que no ven, corazón que no siente

out of sorts indispuesto,-a

out of this world extraordinario,-a

out with it! ¡dilo ya!, ¡suéltalo ya!

to feel out of it sentirse excluido,-a

to be out and about (from illness) estar recuperado,-a

to be out for something querer algo

■ he's out for your blood va a por ti

■ she's only out for your money sólo quiere tu dinero

to be out of one's head / be out of one's mind estar loco,-a

to be out to lunch SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL estar loco,-a

to be out to do something estar decidido,-a a hacer algo

■ they're out to win están decididos a vencer

■ he's out to get me va a por mí

out tray bandeja de salidas

out ['aʊt] vi

: revelarse, hacerse conocido

out adv

1) (indicating direction or movement) : para afuera

she opened the door and looked out: abrió la puerta y miró para afuera

2) (indicating a location away from home or work) : fuera, afuera

to eat out: comer afuera

3) (indicating loss of control or possession)

they let the secret out: sacaron el secreto a la luz

4) (indicating completion or discontinuance)

his money ran out: se le acabó el dinero

to turn out the light: apagar la luz

5) outside: fuera, afuera

out in the garden: afuera en el jardín

6) aloud: en voz alta, en alto

to cry out: gritar

out adj

1) external: externo, exterior

2) outlying: alejado, distante

the out islands: las islas distantes

3) absent: ausente

4) unfashionable: fuera de moda

5) extinguished: apagado

out prep

1) (used to indicate an outward movement) : por

I looked out the window: miré por la ventana

she ran out the door: corrió por la puerta

2) out of

out

adj.

• fuera adj.

adv.

• afuera adv.

• fuera adv.

prep.

• allá en prep.

I aʊt
1) adverb

Sense I

2)

a) ( outside) fuera, afuera (esp AmL)

is the cat in or out? — ¿el gato está (a)dentro or (a)fuera?

all the books on Dickens are out — todos los libros sobre Dickens están prestados; see also out of

b) (not at home, work)

tell him I'm out — dile que no estoy

he's out to o at lunch — ha salido a comer

I was out most of the day — estuve (a)fuera casi todo el día

we haven't had a night out for months — hace meses que no salimos de noche

they had a day out in York — pasaron un día en York

to eat o (frml) dine out — cenar/comer fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

out and about: you must get out and about more — tienes que salir más; see also go out

3) ( removed)

I'm having my stitches out next week — la semana que viene me sacan los puntos

4)

a) (indicating movement, direction)

out! — fuera!

out — salida

she went over to the window and looked out — se acercó a la ventana y miró para afuera

b) (outstretched, projecting)

the dog had its tongue out — el perro tenía la lengua fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

arms out, legs together — brazos extendidos, piernas juntas

5) ( indicating distance)

out here in Japan — aquí en Japón

they worked out in Brunei for a while — estuvieron un tiempo trabajando en Brunei

we live out Brampton way — vivimos en la dirección de Brampton

ten miles out — ( Naut) a diez millas de la costa

6)

a) (ejected, dismissed)

any more foul language and she's out! — otra palabrota más y se va or la echo!

he couldn't get the tenants out — no pudo echar a los inquilinos

b) (from hospital, jail)

he's been out for a month now — ya hace un mes que salió

c) ( out of office)

the socialists will be out next time — los socialistas van a perder las próximas elecciones

Jones out! — fuera Jones!

7) ( in phrases)

out for: Lewis was out for revenge Lewis quería vengarse; out to + inf: she's out to beat the record está decidida a batir el récord; they're only out to make money su único objetivo es hacer dinero; they're out to get you! — andan tras de ti!, van a por ti! (Esp); see also out of

Sense II

8)

a) (displayed, not put away)

are the plates out yet? — ¿están puestos ya los platos?

b) ( in blossom) en flor

c) ( shining)

when the sun's out — cuando hay or hace sol

the stars are out — hay estrellas

9)

a) (revealed, in the open)

once the news was out, she left the country — en cuanto se supo la noticia, se fue del país

out with it! who stole the documents? — dilo ya! ¿quién robó los documentos?

b) (published, produced)

a report out today points out that... — un informe publicado hoy señala que...

their new album will be out by April — sacarán el nuevo disco para abril

the results are due out next week — los resultados salen la semana que viene

c) ( in existence) (colloq)

it's the fastest car out — es el coche más rápido que hay (en el mercado)

10) (clearly, loudly)

he read out the names of the winners — leyó (en voz alta) los nombres de los ganadores

he said it out loud — lo dijo en voz alta; see also call, cry, speak out

II

adjective

1) (pred)

a) ( extinguished)

to be out — \<\<fire/light/pipe\>\> estar* apagado

b) ( unconscious) inconsciente, sin conocimiento

after five vodkas she was out cold — con cinco vodkas, quedó fuera de combate (fam)

2) (pred)

a) ( at an end)

before the month/year is out — antes de que acabe el mes/año

b) ( out of fashion) pasado de moda; see also go out 7) a)

c) ( out of the question) (colloq)

smoking in the bedrooms is absolutely out — ni hablar de fumar en los dormitorios (fam), está terminantemente prohibido fumar en los dormitorios

3) ( Sport)

a) ( eliminated)

to be out — <batter/batsman> quedar out or fuera; < team> quedar eliminado; see also out of 3)

b) ( outside limit) (pred) fuera

it was out — cayó or fue fuera

out! — ( call by line-judge or umpire) out!

4) ( inaccurate) (pred)

they were out in their calculations — se equivocaron en los cálculos

you're not far out — no andas muy descaminado

you're way o a long way o miles out — andas muy lejos or muy errado

5) (without, out of) (colloq) (pred)

coffee? sorry, I'm completely out — ¿café? lo siento, no me queda ni gota (fam); see also out of 6)

6) < homosexual> declarado

III

preposition

he looked out the window — miró (hacia afuera) por la ventana; see also out of 1)

IV

noun

1)

a) ( in baseball) out m, hombre m fuera

b) ( escape) (AmE colloq) escapatoria f

2) outs pl (AmE)

a)

to be on the outs with somebody — estar* enemistado con alguien

b) ( those not in power)

the outs — los partidos de la oposición

V

transitive verb revelar la homosexualidad de

[aʊt]
1. ADV
When out is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg go out, put out, walk out, look up the verb.
1) (=not in) fuera, afuera

it's cold out — fuera or afuera hace frío

they're out in the garden — están fuera or afuera en el jardín

to be out — (=not at home) no estar (en casa)

Mr Green is out — el señor Green no está or (LAm) no se encuentra

he's out for the afternoon — no estará en toda la tarde

he's out a good deal — pasa bastante tiempo fuera

way out — salida

• to be out and about again — estar bien otra vez (después de una enfermedad)

• to have a day out — pasar un día fuera de casa

• out you go! — ¡fuera!

• it's cold out here — hace frío aquí fuera

• the journey out — el viaje de ida

• to have a night out — salir por la noche (a divertirse); (drinking) salir de juerga or (LAm) de parranda

• to run out — salir corriendo

• it's dark out there — está oscuro ahí fuera

• the tide is out — la marea está baja

• out with him! — ¡fuera con él!, ¡que le echen fuera!
second I, 3., 3)
2) (=on strike)

the railwaymen are out — los ferroviarios están en huelga

3) (indicating distance)

she's out in Kuwait — se fue a Kuwait, está en Kuwait

the boat was ten km out — el barco estaba a diez kilómetros de la costa

three days out from Plymouth — (Naut) a tres días de Plymouth

it carried us out to sea — nos llevó mar adentro

4)

• to be out, when the sun is out — cuando brilla el sol

the dahlias are out — las dalias están en flor

• to come out, when the sun comes out — cuando sale el sol

the roses are coming out — los rosales están floreciendo

5) (=in existence) que hay, que ha habido

it's the biggest swindle out * — es la mayor estafa que se ha conocido jamás

when will the magazine be out? — ¿cuándo sale la revista?

the book is out — se ha publicado el libro, ha salido el libro

the film is now out on video — la película ya ha salido en vídeo

6) (=in the open) conocido(-a), fuera

• your secret's out — tu secreto se ha descubierto or ha salido a la luz

• out with it! — ¡desembucha!, ¡suéltalo ya!, ¡suelta la lengua! (LAm)

7) (=to or at an end) terminado(-a)

before the week was out — antes de que terminara la semana

8) [lamp, fire, gas] apagado(-a)

all the lights are out — todas las luces están apagadas

"lights out at ten pm" — "se apagan las luces a las diez"

my pipe is out — se me ha apagado la pipa

9) (=not in fashion) pasado(-a) de moda

long dresses are out — ya no se llevan los vestidos largos, los vestidos largos están pasados de moda

10) (=not in power)

now that the Liberals are out — ahora que los liberales están fuera del poder

11) (Sport) [player] fuera de juego; [boxer] fuera de combate; [loser] eliminado(-a)

that's it, Liverpool are out — ya está, Liverpool queda eliminado

you're out — (in games) quedas eliminado

the ball is out — el balón está fuera del terreno

out! — ¡fuera!

12) (indicating error) equivocado(-a)

he was out in his reckoning — calculó mal

I was not far out — por poco acierto

your watch is five minutes out — su reloj lleva cinco minutos de atraso/de adelanto

I'm two dollars out — he perdido dos dólares en el cálculo

13) (indicating loudness, clearness) en voz alta, en alto

speak out (loud)! — ¡habla en voz alta or fuerte!
right 2., 1), straight 2., 1)
14) (indicating purpose)

he's out to make money — lo que busca es hacerse rico

out for — en busca de

to be out for sth — buscar algo

he's out for all he can get — busca sus propios fines, anda detrás de lo suyo

they're out for trouble — quieren armar un escándalo

15)

to be out — (=unconscious) estar inconsciente; (=drunk) estar completamente borracho; (=asleep) estar durmiendo como un tronco

he was out cold — estuvo completamente sin conocimiento

I was out for some minutes — estuve inconsciente durante varios minutos, estuve varios minutos sin conocimiento

16)

out and away — con mucho

17) (=worn through)

the coat is out at the elbows — la chaqueta está rota por los codos

18)

out of —
When out of is part of a set combination, eg out of danger, out of proportion, out of sight, look up the other word.
a) (=outside, beyond) fuera de

out of town — fuera de la ciudad

he lives out of town — vive fuera de la ciudad

three kilometres out of town — a tres kilómetros de la ciudad

• to go out of the house — salir de la casa

• to look out of the window — mirar por la ventana

• to throw sth out of a window — tirar algo por una ventana

• to turn sb out of the house — echar a algn de la casa

• we're well out of it * — de buena nos hemos librado

- feel out of it
danger 1., proportion 1., 1), range 1., 5), season 1., 2), sight 1., 2)
b) (cause, motive) por

• out of curiosity — por curiosidad

• out of respect for you — por el respeto que te tengo

• to do sth out of sympathy — hacer algo por compasión
necessity, spite
c) (origin) de

• to copy sth out of a book — copiar algo de un libro

• to drink sth out of a cup — beber algo de una taza

• to take sth out of a drawer — sacar algo de un cajón

• a box made out of wood — una caja (hecha) de madera

• it was like something out of a nightmare — era como de una pesadilla

• a chapter out of a novel — un capítulo de una novela

to read out of a novel — leer en una novela

d) (=from among) de cada

one out of every three smokers — uno de cada tres fumadores

in nine cases out of ten — en nueve de cada diez casos

e) (=without) sin

we're out of petrol — nos hemos quedado sin gasolina

we're out of milk — se nos ha acabado la leche

it's out of stock — (Comm) está agotado

to be out of hearts — (Cards) tener fallo a corazones
breath 1., 1)
f) (Vet)

Blue Ribbon, by Black Rum out of Grenada — el caballo Blue Ribbon, hijo de Black Rum y de la yegua Grenada

2.

N see in

3.

VT (=expose as homosexual) revelar la homosexualidad de

4.

VI

the truth will out — se descubrirá la verdad

murder will out — el asesinato se descubrirá

* * *

I [aʊt]
1) adverb

Sense I

2)

a) ( outside) fuera, afuera (esp AmL)

is the cat in or out? — ¿el gato está (a)dentro or (a)fuera?

all the books on Dickens are out — todos los libros sobre Dickens están prestados; see also out of

b) (not at home, work)

tell him I'm out — dile que no estoy

he's out to o at lunch — ha salido a comer

I was out most of the day — estuve (a)fuera casi todo el día

we haven't had a night out for months — hace meses que no salimos de noche

they had a day out in York — pasaron un día en York

to eat o (frml) dine out — cenar/comer fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

out and about: you must get out and about more — tienes que salir más; see also go out

3) ( removed)

I'm having my stitches out next week — la semana que viene me sacan los puntos

4)

a) (indicating movement, direction)

out! — fuera!

out — salida

she went over to the window and looked out — se acercó a la ventana y miró para afuera

b) (outstretched, projecting)

the dog had its tongue out — el perro tenía la lengua fuera or (esp AmL) afuera

arms out, legs together — brazos extendidos, piernas juntas

5) ( indicating distance)

out here in Japan — aquí en Japón

they worked out in Brunei for a while — estuvieron un tiempo trabajando en Brunei

we live out Brampton way — vivimos en la dirección de Brampton

ten miles out — ( Naut) a diez millas de la costa

6)

a) (ejected, dismissed)

any more foul language and she's out! — otra palabrota más y se va or la echo!

he couldn't get the tenants out — no pudo echar a los inquilinos

b) (from hospital, jail)

he's been out for a month now — ya hace un mes que salió

c) ( out of office)

the socialists will be out next time — los socialistas van a perder las próximas elecciones

Jones out! — fuera Jones!

7) ( in phrases)

out for: Lewis was out for revenge Lewis quería vengarse; out to + inf: she's out to beat the record está decidida a batir el récord; they're only out to make money su único objetivo es hacer dinero; they're out to get you! — andan tras de ti!, van a por ti! (Esp); see also out of

Sense II

8)

a) (displayed, not put away)

are the plates out yet? — ¿están puestos ya los platos?

b) ( in blossom) en flor

c) ( shining)

when the sun's out — cuando hay or hace sol

the stars are out — hay estrellas

9)

a) (revealed, in the open)

once the news was out, she left the country — en cuanto se supo la noticia, se fue del país

out with it! who stole the documents? — dilo ya! ¿quién robó los documentos?

b) (published, produced)

a report out today points out that... — un informe publicado hoy señala que...

their new album will be out by April — sacarán el nuevo disco para abril

the results are due out next week — los resultados salen la semana que viene

c) ( in existence) (colloq)

it's the fastest car out — es el coche más rápido que hay (en el mercado)

10) (clearly, loudly)

he read out the names of the winners — leyó (en voz alta) los nombres de los ganadores

he said it out loud — lo dijo en voz alta; see also call, cry, speak out

II

adjective

1) (pred)

a) ( extinguished)

to be out — \<\<fire/light/pipe\>\> estar* apagado

b) ( unconscious) inconsciente, sin conocimiento

after five vodkas she was out cold — con cinco vodkas, quedó fuera de combate (fam)

2) (pred)

a) ( at an end)

before the month/year is out — antes de que acabe el mes/año

b) ( out of fashion) pasado de moda; see also go out 7) a)

c) ( out of the question) (colloq)

smoking in the bedrooms is absolutely out — ni hablar de fumar en los dormitorios (fam), está terminantemente prohibido fumar en los dormitorios

3) ( Sport)

a) ( eliminated)

to be out — <batter/batsman> quedar out or fuera; < team> quedar eliminado; see also out of 3)

b) ( outside limit) (pred) fuera

it was out — cayó or fue fuera

out! — ( call by line-judge or umpire) out!

4) ( inaccurate) (pred)

they were out in their calculations — se equivocaron en los cálculos

you're not far out — no andas muy descaminado

you're way o a long way o miles out — andas muy lejos or muy errado

5) (without, out of) (colloq) (pred)

coffee? sorry, I'm completely out — ¿café? lo siento, no me queda ni gota (fam); see also out of 6)

6) < homosexual> declarado

III

preposition

he looked out the window — miró (hacia afuera) por la ventana; see also out of 1)

IV

noun

1)

a) ( in baseball) out m, hombre m fuera

b) ( escape) (AmE colloq) escapatoria f

2) outs pl (AmE)

a)

to be on the outs with somebody — estar* enemistado con alguien

b) ( those not in power)

the outs — los partidos de la oposición

V

transitive verb revelar la homosexualidad de

English-spanish dictionary > out
20 in

1. preposition
1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

in the fields — auf den Feldern

a ride in a motor car — eine Autofahrt

shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

in this heat — bei dieser Hitze

the highest mountain in the world — der höchste Berg der Welt

2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mit

in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen

a lady in black — eine Dame in Schwarz

3) (with respect to)

two feet in diameter — mit einem Durchmesser von zwei Fuß

a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also academic.ru/34615/herself">herself 1); itself 1)

4) (as a proportionate part of)

eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein

be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

6) (as content of)

there are three feet in a yard — ein Yard hat drei Fuß

what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)

there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)

have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben

8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)

what line of business are you in? — in welcher Branche sind Sie?

he's in politics — er ist Politiker

she's in insurance — sie ist in der Versicherungsbranche tätig

9)

be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

a message in code — eine verschlüsselte Nachricht

in writing — schriftlich

in this way — auf diese Weise; so

in a few words — mit wenigen Worten

a dress in velvet — ein Kleid aus Samt

this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

write something in red — etwas in Rot schreiben

draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

11) (while, during)

in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

13) (within the ability of)

have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

I didn't know you had it in you — das hätte ich dir nicht zugetraut

there is no malice in him — er hat nichts Bösartiges an sich (Dat.)

14)

in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

15)

in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
2. adverb
1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)

‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

2) (at home, work, etc.)

be in — da sein

find somebody in — jemanden antreffen

ask somebody in — jemanden hereinbitten

he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da

3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

4) (inward) innen

5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode

6) (elected)

be in — gewählt sein

7) (having arrived)

be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

8)

somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

have it in for somebody — es auf jemanden abgesehen haben (ugs.)

9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
3. attributive adjective
(fashionable) Mode-

the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

in joke — Insiderwitz, der
4. noun
know the ins and outs of a matter — sich in einer Sache genau auskennen

* * *

(in(to) usually small pieces: The broken mirror lay in bits on the floor; He loves taking his car to bits.) in Stücke

* * *

in

[ɪn]

I. PREPOSITION

1. (position) in + dat

the butter is \in the fridge die Butter ist im Kühlschrank

I live \in New York/Germany ich lebe in New York/Deutschland

he read it \in the paper er hat es in der Zeitung gelesen

soak it \in warm water lassen Sie es in warmem Wasser einweichen

I've got a pain \in my back ich habe Schmerzen im Rücken

who's the woman \in that painting? wer ist die Frau auf diesem Bild?

he is deaf \in his left ear er hört auf dem linken Ohr nichts

down below \in the valley unten im Tal

\in a savings account auf einem Sparkonto

to lie in bed/the sun im Bett/in der Sonne liegen

to ride \in a car [im] Auto fahren

to be \in hospital im Krankenhaus sein

\in the middle of sth in der Mitte von etw dat

to be \in prison im Gefängnis sein

to be \in a prison in einem Gefängnis sein (als Besucher)

\in the street auf der Straße

2. after vb (into) in + dat

I just put too much milk \in my coffee ich habe zu viel Milch in meinen Kaffee getan

he went \in the rain er ging hinaus in den Regen

slice the potatoes \in two schneiden Sie die Kartoffel einmal durch

to get \in the car ins Auto steigen

to invest \in the future in die Zukunft investieren

to invest one's savings \in stocks seine Ersparnisse in Aktien anlegen

to get \in trouble Schwierigkeiten bekommen, in Schwierigkeiten geraten

3. AM (at) auf + dat

is Erika still \in school? ist Erika noch auf der Schule?

Boris is \in college Boris ist auf dem College

4. (as part of) in + dat

he was a singer \in a band er war Sänger in einer Band

there are 31 days in March der März hat 31 Tage

get together \in groups of four! bildet Vierergruppen!

you're with us \in our thoughts wir denken an dich, in Gedanken sind wir bei dir

5. (state, condition) in + dat

he cried out \in pain er schrie vor Schmerzen

he always drinks \in excess er trinkt immer zu viel

\in anger im Zorn

dark \in colour dunkelfarbig

difference \in quality Qualitätsunterschied m

to be \in [no] doubt [nicht] zweifeln [o im Zweifel sein]

\in his excitement in seiner Begeisterung

\in horror voller Entsetzen

\in all honesty in aller Aufrichtigkeit

to be \in a hurry es eilig haben

to be \in love [with sb] [in jdn] verliebt sein

to fall \in love [with sb] sich akk [in jdn] verlieben

to live \in luxury im Luxus leben

to be \in in a good mood guter Laune sein

\in private vertraulich

to put sth \in order etw in Ordnung bringen

\in a state of panic in Panik

\in secret im Geheimen, heimlich

to tell sb sth \in all seriousness jdm etw in vollem Ernst sagen

6. (with) mit + dat

, in + dat

it was covered \in dirt es war mit Schmutz überzogen

to pay \in cash [in] bar bezahlen

to pay \in dollars mit [o in] Dollar zahlen

to write \in ink/pencil mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben

to paint \in oils in Öl malen

\in writing schriftlich

7. (language, music, voice)

Mozart's Piano Concerto \in E flat Mozarts Klavierkonzert in E-Moll

\in English/French/German auf Englisch/Französisch/Deutsch

to listen to music \in stereo Musik stereo hören

to speak to sb \in a normal tone of voice sich akk mit jdm normal unterhalten

to speak \in a loud/small voice mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen

to talk \in a whisper sehr leise reden, mit Flüsterstimme sprechen

8. (time: during) am + dat

, in + dat

he's getting forgetful \in his old age er wird vergesslich auf seine alten Tage

she assisted the doctor \in the operation sie assistierte dem Arzt bei der Operation

\in 1968 [im Jahre] 1968

\in the end am Ende, schließlich

to be with the Lord \in eternity bei Gott im Himmel sein

to be \in one's forties in den Vierzigern sein

\in March/May im März/Mai

\in the morning/afternoon/evening morgens [o am Morgen] /nachmittags [o am Nachmittag] /abends [o am Abend]

\in the late 60s in den späten Sechzigern

\in spring/summer/autumn/winter im Frühling/Sommer/Herbst/Winter

9. (time: within) in + dat

dinner will be ready \in ten minutes das Essen ist in zehn Minuten fertig

I'll be ready \in a week's time in einer Woche werde ich fertig sein

he learnt to drive \in two weeks in [o innerhalb von] zwei Wochen konnte er Auto fahren

to return \in a few minutes/hours/days in einigen Minuten/Stunden/Tagen zurückkommen

\in record time in Rekordzeit

10. (time: for) seit + dat

she hasn't heard from him \in six months sie hat seit sechs Monaten nichts mehr von ihm gehört

I haven't done that \in a long time ich habe das lange Zeit nicht mehr gemacht

I haven't seen her \in years ich habe sie seit Jahren nicht gesehen

11. (at a distance of) nach + dat

the house should be coming up \in about one mile das Haus müsste nach einer Meile auftauchen

12. (job, profession)

he's \in computers er hat mit Computern zu tun

she's \in business/politics sie ist Geschäftsfrau/Politikerin

she works \in publishing sie arbeitet bei einem Verlag

to enlist \in the army sich akk als Soldat verpflichten

13. (wearing) in + dat

he was all \in black er war ganz in Schwarz

you look nice \in green Grün steht dir

the woman \in the hat die Frau mit dem Hut

the man [dressed] \in the grey suit der Mann in dem grauen Anzug

to be \in disguise verkleidet sein

\in the nude nackt

to sunbathe \in the nude nackt sonnenbaden

to be \in uniform Uniform tragen

14. (result) als

\in conclusion schließlich, zum Schluss

\in exchange als Ersatz, dafür

\in fact tatsächlich, in Wirklichkeit

\in reply [or answer] [or response] to als Reaktion [o Antwort] auf + akk

\in that... ( form) insofern als

I was fortunate \in that I had friends ich hatte Glück, weil ich Freunde hatte

15. + -ing (while doing)

\in attempting to save the child, he nearly lost his own life bei dem Versuch, das Kind zu retten, kam er beinahe selbst um

\in refusing to work abroad, she missed a good job weil sie sich weigerte, im Ausland zu arbeiten, entging ihr ein guter Job

\in saying this, I will offend him wenn ich das sage, würde ich ihn beleidigen

\in doing so dabei, damit

16. (with quantities)

temperatures tomorrow will be \in the mid-twenties die Temperaturen werden sich morgen um 25 Grad bewegen

he's about six foot \in height er ist ungefähr zwei Meter groß

a novel \in 3 parts ein Roman in 3 Teilen

people died \in their thousands die Menschen starben zu Tausenden

to be equal \in weight gleich viel wiegen

\in total insgesamt

17. (comparing amounts) pro + dat

the potatoes are twenty pence \in the pound die Kartoffeln kosten zwanzig Pence pro Pfund

she has a one \in three chance ihre Chancen stehen eins zu drei

one \in ten people jeder zehnte

18. after vb (concerning)

to interfere \in sb's business sich akk in jds Angelegenheiten einmischen

to share \in sb's success an jds Erfolg teilnehmen

to be interested \in in sth sich akk für etw akk interessieren

19. after n

she underwent a change \in style sie hat ihren Stil geändert

she had no say \in the decision sie hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Entscheidung

to have confidence \in sb jdm vertrauen, Vertrauen zu jdm haben

20. (in a person)

▪ \in sb mit jdm

we're losing a very good sales agent \in Kim mit Kim verlieren wir eine sehr gute Verkaufsassistentin

it isn't \in sb to do sth jd ist nicht zu etw dat in der Lage

it's not \in me to lie ich kann nicht lügen

to not have it \in oneself to do sth nicht in der Lage sein, etw zu tun

21. (author) bei + dat

these themes can often be found \in Schiller diese Themen kommen bei Schiller oft vor

22.

▶ \in all insgesamt

there were 10 of us \in all wir waren zu zehnt

▶ all \in all alles in allem

all \in all it's been a good year insgesamt gesehen, war es ein gutes Jahr

▶ \in between dazwischen

▶ there's nothing [or not much] [or very little] \in it da ist kein großer Unterschied

▶ to be \in and out of sth:

she's been \in and out of hospitals ever since the accident sie war seit dem Unfall immer wieder im Krankenhaus

II. ADVERB

1. inv (into sth) herein

come \in! herein!

\in with you! rein mit dir!

he opened the door and went \in er öffnete die Tür und ging hinein

she was locked \in sie war eingesperrt

could you bring the clothes \in? könntest du die Wäsche hereinholen?

she didn't ask me \in sie hat mich nicht hereingebeten

the sea was freezing, but \in she went das Meer war eiskalt, doch sie kannte nichts und ging hinein

to bring the harvest \in die Ernte einbringen

2. inv (at arrival point) train, bus

the train got \in very late der Zug ist sehr spät eingetroffen

the bus is due \in any moment now der Bus müsste jetzt jeden Moment kommen

3. inv (towards land)

is the tide coming \in or going out? kommt oder geht die Flut?

we watched the ship come \in wir sahen zu, wie das Schiff einlief

4. inv (submitted)

to get [or hand] sth \in etw abgeben [o einreichen

5. inv (elected)

to get \in candidate gewählt werden; party also an die Regierung kommen

6.

▶ day \in, day out tagein, tagaus

▶ to get \in with sb sich akk bei jdm lieb Kind machen fam

▶ to get \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen

▶ to let sb \in on sth jdn in etw akk einweihen

III. ADJECTIVE

1. pred, inv (there) da; (at home) zu Hause

is David \in? ist David da?

I'm afraid Mr Jenkins is not \in at the moment Herr Jenkins ist leider gerade nicht im Hause form

to have a quiet evening \in einen ruhigen Abend zu Hause verbringen

2. inv (leading in) einwärts

door \in Eingangstür f

\in-tray AUS, BRIT

\in-box AM Behälter m für eingehende Post

3. inv (in fashion) in

▪ to be \in in [o angesagt] sein

to be the \in place to dance/dine ein angesagtes Tanzlokal/Restaurant sein

4. pred, inv (submitted)

when does your essay have to be \in? wann musst du deinen Essay abgeben?

the application must be \in by May 31 die Bewerbung muss bis zum 31. Mai eingegangen sein

5. pred, inv (elected)

▪ to be \in candidate gewählt sein; party also an der Regierung sein

6. pred, inv SPORT (within bounds)

the ball was definitely \in! der Ball war keineswegs im Aus!

7. pred, inv SPORT

▪ to be \in player am Ball sein; (in cricket) team am Schlag sein

8. pred, inv (in season) reif

pumpkins are \in! Kürbisse jetzt frisch!

9.

▶ to be \in at sth bei etw dat dabei sein

▶ to be \in for sth sich akk auf etw akk gefasst machen müssen

you'll be \in for it if... du kannst dich auf was gefasst machen, wenn...

▶ to be \in on sth über etw akk Bescheid wissen

▶ to be [well] \in with sb bei jdm gut angeschrieben sein

she just says those things to get \in with the teacher sie sagt so was doch nur, um sich beim Lehrer lieb Kind zu machen

IV. NOUN

1. (connection) Kontakt[e] m[pl]

he wants to get involved with that group but doesn't have an \in er würde gern mit dieser Gruppe in Kontakt kommen, aber bis jetzt fehlt ihm die Eintrittskarte

2. AM POL

▪ the \ins die Regierungspartei

3.

▶ to know the \ins and outs of sth sich akk in einer S. dat genau auskennen

▶ to understand the \ins and outs of sth etw hundertprozentig verstehen

* * *
[ɪn]
1. PREPOSITION
When in is the second element of a phrasal verb, eg ask in, fill in, hand in, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg in danger, in the end, weak in, wrapped in, look up the other word.
1) position in (+dat); (with motion) in (+acc)

it was in the lorry/bag/car — es war auf dem Lastwagen/in der Tasche/im Auto

he put it in the lorry/car/bag — er legte es auf den Lastwagen/ins Auto/steckte es in die Tasche

in here/there — hierin/darin, hier/da drin (inf); (with motion) hier/da hinein or rein (inf)

go in that direction — gehen Sie in diese or dieser Richtung

in the street — auf der/die Straße

in Thompson Street — in der Thompsonstraße

he lives in a little village — er wohnt auf or in einem kleinen Dorf

sitting in the window — am Fenster sitzend

a flag hung in the window — eine Flagge hing im Fenster

in (the) church — in der Kirche

to stay in the house — im Haus or (at home) zu Hause or zuhause (Aus, Sw) bleiben

in bed/prison — im Bett/Gefängnis

in Germany/Switzerland/the United States — in Deutschland/der Schweiz/den Vereinigten Staaten after the superlative, in is sometimes untranslated and the genitive case used instead.

the highest mountain in Scotland — der höchste Berg Schottlands or in Schottland

the best in the class — der Beste der Klasse, der Klassenbeste

2) people bei

you can find examples of this in Dickens —

rare in a child of that age — selten bei einem Kind in diesem Alter

you have a great leader in him — in ihm habt ihr einen großen Führer

he hasn't got it in him — er hat nicht das Zeug dazu

he doesn't have it in him to... — er bringt es nicht fertig,... zu...

3) dates, seasons, time of day in (+dat)

in 1999 — (im Jahre) 1999

in May 1999 — im Mai 1999

in the sixties — in den sechziger Jahren or Sechzigerjahren

in June — im Juni

in (the) spring — im Frühling

in the morning(s) — morgens, am Morgen, am Vormittag

in the afternoon — nachmittags, am Nachmittag

in the daytime — tagsüber, während des Tages

in the evening — abends, am Abend

three o'clock in the afternoon — drei Uhr nachmittags

in those days — damals, zu jener Zeit

4) time of life in (+dat)

she is in her thirties — sie ist in den Dreißigern

in middle age — im mittleren Alter

in old age — im Alter

in childhood — in der Kindheit, im Kindesalter

in my childhood — in meiner Kindheit

5) interval of time in (+dat)

she did it in three hours — sie machte es in drei Stunden or innerhalb von drei Stunden

in a short time — in kurzer Zeit

in a week( 's time) — in einer Woche

I haven't seen him in years — ich habe ihn jahrelang or seit Jahren nicht mehr gesehen

in a moment or minute — sofort, gleich

6) numbers, quantities zu

packed in hundreds — zu Hunderten abgepackt

to walk in twos — zu zweit gehen

to count in fives —

to die in hundreds — zu hunderten or Hunderten sterben

in large/small quantities — in großen/kleinen Mengen

in some measure — in gewisser Weise, zu einem gewissen Grad

in part — teilweise, zum Teil

7)

ratios he has a one in 500 chance of winning — er hat eine Gewinnchance von eins zu 500

one ( man) in ten — einer von zehn, jeder Zehnte

one book/child in ten — jedes zehnte Buch/Kind, ein Buch/Kind von zehn

one in five children — ein Kind von fünf

a tax of twenty pence in the pound — ein Steuersatz von zwanzig Prozent

there are 12 inches in a foot — ein Fuß hat 12 Zoll

8)

manner, state, condition to speak in a loud/soft voice — mit lauter/leiser Stimme sprechen, laut/leise sprechen

to speak in a whisper — flüstern, flüsternd sprechen

to speak in German —

the background is painted in red — der Hintergrund ist rot( gemalt) or in Rot gehalten

to pay in dollars — mit or in Dollar bezahlen

to stand in a row/in groups — in einer Reihe/in Gruppen stehen

in this way — so, auf diese Weise

she squealed in delight — sie quietschte vor Vergnügen

in anger — im Zorn

in surprise — überrascht

to be in a rage — wütend or zornig sein

in good condition — in gutem Zustand

to live in luxury/poverty — im Luxus/in Armut leben

9) clothes in (+dat)

in one's best clothes — in Sonntagskleidung

in his shirt — im Hemd

in his shirt sleeves — in Hemdsärmeln, hemdsärmelig

in his slippers — in Hausschuhen

dressed in white — weiß gekleidet

she was dressed in silk —

the lady in green — die Dame in Grün

10)

substance, material upholstered in silk — mit Seide bezogen

to paint in oils — in Öl malen

to write in ink/pencil — mit Tinte/Bleistift schreiben

in marble — in Marmor, marmorn

a sculptor who works in marble — ein Bildhauer, der mit Marmor arbeitet

11)

in respect of blind in the left eye — auf dem linken Auge blind, links blind

a rise in prices — ein Preisanstieg m, ein Anstieg m der Preise

ten feet in height by thirty in length — zehn Fuß hoch auf dreißig Fuß lang

the trousers are too long in the leg — die (Hosen)beine sind zu lang

five in number — fünf an der Zahl

the latest thing in hats — der letzte Schrei bei Hüten

12)

occupation, activity he is in the army — er ist beim Militär

he is in banking/the motor business — er ist im Bankwesen/in der Autobranche (tätig)

13)

set structures __diams; in + -ing in saying this, I... — wenn ich das sage,... ich

in trying to escape — beim Versuch zu fliehen, beim Fluchtversuch

in trying to save him she fell into the water herself — beim Versuch or als sie versuchte, ihn zu retten, fiel sie selbst ins Wasser

but in saying this —

he made a mistake in saying that — es war ein Fehler von ihm, das zu sagen

the plan was unrealistic in that it didn't take account of the fact that... — der Plan war unrealistisch, da or weil er nicht berücksichtigte, dass...

2. ADVERB
When in is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg come in, live in, sleep in, look up the verb.da; (at home also) zu Hause, zuhause (Aus, Sw)
there is nobody in — es ist niemand da/zu Hause to be in may require a more specific translation.

the train is in — der Zug ist da or angekommen

the harvest is in — die Ernte ist eingebracht

the tide is in — es ist Flut

our team is in (Cricket) — unsere Mannschaft ist am Schlag

our candidate is in — unser Kandidat wurde gewählt or ist reingekommen (inf)

my luck is in — ich habe einen Glückstag

he's in for a surprise/disappointment — ihm steht eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung bevor, er kann sich auf eine Überraschung/Enttäuschung gefasst machen

we are in for rain/a cold spell — uns (dat) steht Regen/eine Kältewelle bevor

he's in for it! — der kann sich auf was gefasst machen (inf), der kann sich freuen (iro) __diams; to have it in for sb (inf) es auf jdn abgesehen haben (inf) __diams; to be in on sth an einer Sache beteiligt sein; on secret etc über etw (acc) Bescheid wissen

he likes to be in on things — er mischt gern (überall) mit (inf) __diams; to be (well) in with sb sich gut mit jdm verstehen

3. ADJECTIVE
(inf) in inv (inf)
long skirts are in — lange Röcke sind in (inf) or sind in Mode

the in thing — das, was zurzeit in ist (inf) or Mode ist

the in thing is to... — es ist zurzeit in (inf) or Mode, zu...

it's the in place to go — da gehen jetzt alle hin

the in thing to do — groß in Mode

4. the insPLURAL NOUN

1) = details __diams; the ins and outs die Einzelheiten pl

to know the ins and outs of sth —

I don't know the ins and outs of the situation — über die Einzelheiten der Sache weiß ich nicht Bescheid

2) POL US

the ins — die Regierungspartei

* * *

in [ın]

A präp

1. (räumlich, auf die Frage: wo?) in (dat), innerhalb (gen), an (dat), auf (dat):

in England (London) in England (London); → blind A 1 a, country A 5, field A 1, room A 2, sky A 1, street A 1, etc

2. fig in (dat), bei, auf (dat), an (dat): → army 3, politics 3, share¹ A 4 b, stock A 19, etc

3. bei (Schriftstellern):

in Shakespeare

4. (auf die Frage: wohin?) in (akk):

put it in your pocket steck es in die Tasche

5. (Zustand, Beschaffenheit, Art und Weise) in (dat), auf (akk), mit:

in G major MUS in G-Dur; → arm² Bes Redew, brief B 1, case¹ A 2, cash¹ A 2, doubt C 1, C 3, dozen, English B 2, group A 1, manner 1, ruin A 2, short C 2, tear¹ 1, word Bes Redew, writing A 4, etc

6. (Beteiligung) in (dat), an (dat), bei:

be in it beteiligt sein, teilnehmen;

he isn’t in it er gehört nicht dazu;

there is nothing in it

a) es lohnt sich nicht,

b) → nothing Bes Redew

7. (Tätigkeit, Beschäftigung) in (dat), bei, mit, auf (dat):

in crossing the river beim Überqueren des Flusses; → accident 3, search C 1

8. (im Besitz, in der Macht) in (dat), bei, an (dat):

it is not in her to do sth es liegt nicht in ihrer Art, etwas zu tun; → have Bes Redew, etc

9. (zeitlich) in (dat), an (dat), bei, binnen, unter (dat), während, zu:

in two hours

a) in oder binnen zwei Stunden,

b) während zweier Stunden;

in 1985 1985; → beginning 1, daytime, evening A 1, flight², October, reign A 1, time Bes Redew, winter A 1, year 1, etc

10. (Richtung) in (akk, dat), auf (akk), zu: → confidence 1, trust B 1, etc

11. (Zweck) in (dat), zu, als: → answer A 1, defence 5, etc

12. (Grund) in (dat), aus, wegen, zu: → honor B 2, sport A 4, etc

13. (Hinsicht, Beziehung) in (dat), an (dat), in Bezug auf (akk):

the latest thing in das Neueste in oder an oder auf dem Gebiet (gen); → equal A 10, far Bes Redew, itself 3, number A 2, that³ 4, width 1, etc

14. nach, gemäß: → opinion 1, probability 1, etc

15. (Mittel, Material, Stoff) in (dat), aus, mit, durch:

in black boots in oder mit schwarzen Stiefeln;

a statue in bronze eine Bronzestatue; → oil A 2, pencil A 1, white B 1, etc

16. (Zahl, Betrag) in (dat), aus, von, zu:

seven in all insgesamt oder im Ganzen sieben;

there are 60 minutes in an hour eine Stunde hat 60 Minuten;

one in ten Americans einer von zehn Amerikanern, jeder zehnte Amerikaner;

five in the hundred 5 vom Hundert, 5 Prozent; → all Bes Redew, one A 1, etc

B adv

1. innen, drinnen:

in among mitten unter (akk od dat);

know in and out jemanden, etwas ganz genau kennen, in- und auswendig kennen;

be in for sth etwas zu erwarten haben;

now you are in for it umg jetzt bist du dran:

a) jetzt kannst du nicht mehr zurück

b) jetzt bist oder sitzt oder steckst du in der Patsche, jetzt gehts dir an den Kragen umg;

he is in for a shock er wird einen gewaltigen Schreck oder einen Schock bekommen;

I am in for an examination mir steht eine Prüfung bevor;

be in on

a) eingeweiht sein in (akk),

b) beteiligt sein an (dat);

be in with sb mit jemandem gutstehen;

the harvest is in die Ernte ist eingebracht; → keep in B 3, penny 1, etc

2. herein: → come in 1, show in, etc

3. hinein:

the way in der Eingang, der Weg nach innen; → walk in, etc

4. da, (an)gekommen:

the train is in

5. zu Hause, im Zimmer etc:

Mrs Brown is not in Mrs. Brown ist nicht da oder zu Hause;

he has been in and out all day er kommt und geht schon den ganzen Tag

6. POL an der Macht, an der Regierung, am Ruder umg:

the Conservatives are in; → come in 4

7. in umg, in Mode: → come in 3

8. SCHIFF

a) im Hafen

b) beschlagen, festgemacht (Segel)

c) zum Hafen:

on the way in beim Einlaufen (in den Hafen)

9. dazu, zusätzlich, als Zugabe: → throw in 3

C adj

1. im Innern oder im Hause befindlich, Innen…

2. POL an der Macht befindlich:

in party Regierungspartei f

3. nach Hause kommend:

the in train der ankommende Zug

4. an in restaurant ein Restaurant, das gerade in ist;

the in people die Leute, die alles mitmachen, was gerade in ist

5. umg (nur) für Eingeweihte oder Kenner (Witz etc)

D s

1. pl POL US Regierungspartei f

2. Winkel m, Ecke f:

the ins and outs

a) alle Winkel und Ecken,

b) fig (alle) Einzelheiten oder Schwierigkeiten oder Feinheiten;

know all the ins and outs of sich ganz genau auskennen bei oder in (dat), in- und auswendig kennen (akk)

* * *
1. preposition
1) (position; also fig.) in (+ Dat.)

in the fields — auf den Feldern

a ride in a motor car — eine Autofahrt

shot/wounded in the leg — ins Bein geschossen/am Bein verwundet

in this heat — bei dieser Hitze

the highest mountain in the world — der höchste Berg der Welt

2) (wearing as dress) in (+ Dat.); (wearing as headgear) mit

in brown shoes — mit braunen Schuhen

a lady in black — eine Dame in Schwarz

3) (with respect to)

two feet in diameter — mit einem Durchmesser von zwei Fuß

a change in attitude — eine Änderung der Einstellung; see also herself 1); itself 1)

4) (as a proportionate part of)

eight dogs in ten — acht von zehn Hunden; see also gradient

5) (as a member of) in (+ Dat.)

be in the Scouts — bei den Pfadfindern sein

be employed in the Civil Service — als Beamter/Beamtin beschäftigt sein

6) (as content of)

there are three feet in a yard — ein Yard hat drei Fuß

what is there in this deal for me? — was springt für mich bei dem Geschäft heraus? (ugs.)

there is nothing/not much or little in it — (difference) da ist kein/kein großer Unterschied [zwischen ihnen]

there is something in what you say — an dem, was Sie sagen, ist etwas dran (ugs.)

7) (expr. identity) in (+ Dat.)

have a faithful friend in somebody — an jemandem einen treuen Freund haben

8) (concerned with) in (+ Dat.)

what line of business are you in? — in welcher Branche sind Sie?

he's in politics — er ist Politiker

she's in insurance — sie ist in der Versicherungsbranche tätig

9)

be [not] in it — (as competitor) [nicht] dabei od. im Rennen sein

10) (with the means of; having as material or colour)

a message in code — eine verschlüsselte Nachricht

in writing — schriftlich

in this way — auf diese Weise; so

in a few words — mit wenigen Worten

a dress in velvet — ein Kleid aus Samt

this sofa is also available in leather/blue — dieses Sofa gibt es auch in Leder/Blau

write something in red — etwas in Rot schreiben

draw in crayon/ink — etc. mit Kreide/Tinte usw. zeichnen; see also English 2. 1)

11) (while, during)

in fog/rain — etc. bei Nebel/Regen usw.

in the eighties/nineties — in den Achtzigern/Neunzigern

4 o'clock in the morning/afternoon — 4 Uhr morgens/abends

in 1990 — [im Jahre] 1990

12) (after a period of) in (+ Dat.)

in three minutes/years — in drei Minuten/Jahren

13) (within the ability of)

have it in one [to do something] — fähig sein [, etwas zu tun]

I didn't know you had it in you — das hätte ich dir nicht zugetraut

there is no malice in him — er hat nichts Bösartiges an sich (Dat.)

14)

in that — insofern als; see also far 1. 4)

15)

in doing this — (by so doing) indem jemand das tut/tat; dadurch
2. adverb
1) (inside) hinein[gehen usw.]; (towards speaker) herein[kommen usw.]

is everyone in? — sind alle drin? (ugs.)

‘In’ — "Einfahrt"/"Eingang"

2) (at home, work, etc.)

be in — da sein

find somebody in — jemanden antreffen

ask somebody in — jemanden hereinbitten

he's been in and out all day — er war den ganzen Tag über mal da und mal nicht da

3) (included) darin; drin (ugs.)

cost £50 all in — 50 Pfund kosten, alles inbegriffen

4) (inward) innen

5) (in fashion) in (ugs.); in Mode

6) (elected)

be in — gewählt sein

7) (having arrived)

be in — [Zug, Schiff, Ware, Bewerbung:] da sein; [Ernte:] eingebracht sein

8)

somebody is in for something — (about to undergo something) jemandem steht etwas bevor; (taking part in something) jemand nimmt an etwas (Dat.) teil

we're in for it now! — (coll.) jetzt blüht uns was! (ugs.)

have it in for somebody — es auf jemanden abgesehen haben (ugs.)

9) (coll.): (as participant, accomplice, observer, etc.)

be in on the secret/discussion — in das Geheimnis eingeweiht sein/bei der Diskussion dabei sein

be [well] in with somebody — mit jemandem [gut] auskommen
3. attributive adjective
(fashionable) Mode-

the in crowd — die Clique, die gerade in ist (ugs.)

in joke — Insiderwitz, der
4. noun
know the ins and outs of a matter — sich in einer Sache genau auskennen

* * *

adj.

hinein adj. prep.

an präp.

auf präp.

in präp.

English-german dictionary > in

Страницы

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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speak in some language

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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speak in some language

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